{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T02:33:05Z","timestamp":1788489185797,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unclear, infectious agents, including some parasitic roundworms (nematodes), have been proposed as possible risk factors or contributors. Here, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of published observational studies to evaluate whether there is a possible association between infection with, or exposure to, one or more members of the genus Toxocara (phylum Nematoda; superfamily Ascaridoidea) and MS. We undertook a search of public literature databases to identify relevant studies and then used a random-effects meta-analysis model to generate the pooled odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). This search identified six of a total of 1371 articles that were relevant to the topic; these published studies involved totals of 473 MS patients and 647 control subjects. Anti-Toxocara IgG serum antibodies were detected in 62 MS patients and 37 controls, resulting in respective seroprevalences of 13.1% (95% CI: 8.2\u201320.3) and 4.8% (95% CI: 2.5\u20139.2), indicating an association (pooled OR, 3.01; 95% CI: 1.46\u20136.21). Because of the publication bias identified (six eligible studies), well-designed and -controlled studies are required in the future to rigorously test the hypothesis that Toxocara infection\/exposure has an association with MS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]],"date-time":"2020-11-11T19:08:28Z","timestamp":1605121708000},"page":"938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["\u201cBegging the Question\u201d\u2014Does Toxocara Infection\/Exposure Associate with Multiple Sclerosis-Risk?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Ali","family":"Taghipour","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1358-1321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Rostami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"},{"name":"Immunoregulation Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-5915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sahar","family":"Esfandyari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Aghapour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Nicoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, 95123 Catania, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4423-1690","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin B.","family":"Gasser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Melbourne Veterinary School, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, VIC, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"175","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis review","volume":"37","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharm. 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