{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T03:12:48Z","timestamp":1788405168653,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1605139200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"UEFISCDI Romania","award":["PN-III-P4- ID-PCCF-2016-0114 POSCCE (RADAR),"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PN-III-P4- ID-PCCF-2016-0114 POSCCE (RADAR),"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anaerobic bacteria are predominant residents of the normal microbiota of the skin and mucous membranes but are also known to be associated with a number of human infections including peritonitis, appendicitis, abscesses, ulcers and wound infections. Herein, we investigate the antibiotic resistance profiles as well as the genetic support of antibiotic resistance and virulence determinants of anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections. The study was performed on 198 Romanian patients from which different clinical samples were taken intra-operatory and sent for microbiological analyses. From the total number of isolated strains, a subset of 75 Bacteroides spp. were selected and further investigated for antibiotic resistance and virulence features, at phenotypic and genetic level. Our results obtained through the analysis of a significant number of Bacteroides strains could shed light on the virulence potential and mechanisms by which anaerobic bacteria can cause endogenous infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110940","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]],"date-time":"2020-11-12T10:00:32Z","timestamp":1605175232000},"page":"940","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Resistance and Virulence Features of Bacteroides spp. Isolated from Abdominal Infections in Romanian Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7088-7282","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela Roxana","family":"Pricop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina","family":"Gheorghe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6384-1822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gratiela Gradisteanu","family":"Pircalabioru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Violeta","family":"Cristea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Popa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luminita","family":"Marutescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6098-1857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Carmen","family":"Chifiriuc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Earth, Environment and Life Sciences, The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050095 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigore","family":"Mihaescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Bucharest, 060101 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2010-2544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugenia","family":"Bezirtzoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, 67100 Orestiada, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Brook, I. (1995). Indigenous Microbial Flora of Humans, Surgica Infections Diseases, Appleton and Lange. [3rd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jorgensen, J.H., Carrol, K.C., Funke, G., and Pfaller, M.A. (2015). Manual of Clinical Microbiology, ASM Press. Chapter 54.","DOI":"10.1128\/9781555817381"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Noor, A., and Khetarpal, S. (2020, August 20). Anaerobic Infections, StatPearls, Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK482349\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.45.4.1238-1243.2001","article-title":"Multicenter Survey of the Changing In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Clinical Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Group, Prevotella, Fusobacterium, Porphyromonas, and Peptostreptococcus Species","volume":"45","author":"Aldridge","year":"2001","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2010.03256.x","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of Bacteroides fragilis group isolates in Europe: 20 years of experience","volume":"17","author":"Nagy","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.05823-11","article-title":"Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Group in Canada in 2010\u20132011: CANWARD Surveillance Study","volume":"56","author":"Karlowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.03.001","article-title":"The prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in Bacteroides fragilis group strains isolated in different European countries","volume":"21","author":"Eitel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1099\/jmm.0.05409-0","article-title":"Relationship between penicillin-binding protein patterns and \u03b2-lactamases in clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis with different susceptibility to \u03b2-lactam antibiotics","volume":"53","author":"Vadillo","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.02.007","article-title":"The role of efflux pumps in Bacteroides fragilis resistance to antibiotics","volume":"210","author":"Ghotaslou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2017.11.001","article-title":"In vitro effect of clindamycin against Bacteroides and Parabacteroides isolates in Poland","volume":"13","author":"Kierzkowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.06.004","article-title":"erm gene distribution among Norwegian Bacteroides isolates and evaluation of phenotypic tests to detect inducible clindamycin resistance in Bacteroides species","volume":"47","author":"Johnsen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.11.003","article-title":"The occurrence of antibiotic resistance genes in drug resistant Bacteroides fragilis isolates from Groote Schuur Hospital, South Africa","volume":"32","author":"Meggersee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.09.001","article-title":"\u00c9va; Bilca, D.; S\u00f3ki, J. Analysis of Romanian Bacteroides isolates for antibiotic resistance levels and the corresponding antibiotic resistance genes","volume":"31","author":"Eitel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.71.1.173-180.2003","article-title":"Superoxide Dismutase Influences the Virulence of Cryptococcus neoformans by Affecting Growth within Macrophages","volume":"71","author":"Cox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2017.1418530","article-title":"A multicenter survey of the antibiotic susceptibility of clinical Bacteroides species from Hungary","volume":"50","author":"Sarvari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.04.007","article-title":"Evaluation of the routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing results of clinically significant anaerobic bacteria in a Slovenian tertiary-care hospital in 2015","volume":"47","author":"Jeverica","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02108-06","article-title":"Determination of bft Gene Subtypes in Bacteroides fragilis Clinical Isolates","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.07.005","article-title":"Detection of enterotoxin and protease genes among Hungarian clinical Bacteroides fragilis isolates","volume":"48","author":"Sarvari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"222","article-title":"Search for enterotoxin gene in Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from clinical specimens in Poland, Great Britain, The Netherlands and France","volume":"7","author":"Pituch","year":"2001","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2019.03.003","article-title":"The presence of antibiotic resistance genes and bft genes as well as antibiotic susceptibility testing of Bacteroides fragilis strains isolated from inpatients of the Infant Jesus Teaching Hospital, Warsaw during 2007\u20132012","volume":"56","author":"Kierzkowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2006.01494.x","article-title":"A possible role of Bacteroides fragilis enterotoxin in the aetiology of colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Toprak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.37.5.1028","article-title":"Genetic and biochemical analysis of a novel Ambler class A beta-lactamase responsible for cefoxitin resistance in Bacteroides species","volume":"37","author":"Parker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"5519e29","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens: The magnitude of the problem from two perspectives\u2014Romanian and worldwide","volume":"15","author":"Oancea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.25083\/rbl\/24.3\/395.399","article-title":"Description of vancomycin resistance genes in Enterococcus sp. clinical strains isolated from Bucharest, Romania","volume":"24","author":"Almahdawy","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"4","article-title":"Etiological investigation and antibiotic resistance profiles encountered in systemic bacterial infections","volume":"3","author":"Iancu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4699","DOI":"10.33263\/BRIAC96.699704","article-title":"Prevalence of vancomycin resistance phenotypes among enterococcus species isolated from clinical samples in a romanian hospital","volume":"9","author":"Ducu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biointerface Res. Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01820","article-title":"A Fundamental Change in Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing Would Better Prevent Therapeutic Failure: From Individual to Population-Based Analysis","volume":"11","author":"Brukner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maxson, T., Blancett, C.D., Graham, A.S., Stefan, C.P., and Minogue, T.D. (2018). Rapid antibiotic susceptibility testing from blood culture bottles with species agnostic real-time polymerase chain reaction. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209042"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh324","article-title":"Real-time PCR for universal antibiotic susceptibility testing","volume":"54","author":"Rolain","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/11\/940\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:32:20Z","timestamp":1760178740000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/11\/940"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9110940"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9110940","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2076-0817","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,12]]}}}