{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T14:31:30Z","timestamp":1787668290857,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chagas disease is a major public health problem in Latin America. The mixed Th1\/Th2 immune response is required against Trypanosoma cruzi. Electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW) has been shown to have germicidal efficacy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the EOW effectiveness in T. cruzi-infected BALB\/c mice clinically, immunologically, and histologically. The severity of the infection was assessed by parasitaemia, general health condition, mortality, mega syndromes, and histological lesions. IgG, TNF-alpha, IFN-gamma, and IL-1 beta levels were quantified. The EOW administration showed a beneficial effect on parasitaemia, general physical condition, and mortality. High levels of IgG1 at 50 days postinfection were observed. Prophylactic EOW treatment was able to induce a predominantly TH1 immune response based on an IgG2a levels increase at the late acute phase, and a 10-fold increase of IFN-gamma in whole acute phase. EOW was able to control the acute phase infection as effectively as benznidazole. Splenomegaly was caused by EOW treatment and lymphadenopathy was stimulated by T. cruzi infection in all groups. Severe tissue damage was not prevented by EOW treatments. Moderate efficacy may be due to immunomodulatory properties and not to a direct toxic effect on the parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9110974","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]],"date-time":"2020-11-23T08:18:23Z","timestamp":1606119503000},"page":"974","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Electrolyzed Oxidizing Water Modulates the Immune Response in BALB\/c Mice Experimentally Infected with Trypanosoma cruzi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5813-9572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olivia","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Morales","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan Jos\u00e9","family":"Cabrera-Mata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Silvia del C.","family":"Carrillo-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodolfo A.","family":"Guti\u00e9rrez-Ocejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Bayl\u00f3n-Pacheco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga L.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-2909","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Luis","family":"Rosales-Encina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectomics and Molecular Pathogenesis, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Aranda-Fraustro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Biology, Center for Research and Advanced Studies of the National Polytechnic Institute, Av. Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Gustavo A. Madero, Mexico City 07360, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minerva","family":"Arce-Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Proteomics, Department of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Cardiology \u201cIgnacio Ch\u00e1vez\u201d, Juan Badiano No. 1, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO) (2018, June 15). Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis). Available online: http:\/\/www.who.int\/mediacentre\/factsheets\/fs340\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsey, J.M., Elizondo-Cano, M., Sanchez-Gonz\u00e1lez, G., Pe\u00f1a-Nieves, A., and Figueroa-Lara, A. (2014). Opportunity Cost for Early Treatment of Chagas Disease in Mexico. PLoS Negl. Trop. 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