{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:37:05Z","timestamp":1790905025934,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interferons (IFN) are crucial for the innate immune response. Slightly more than two decades ago, a new type of IFN was discovered: the lambda IFN (type III IFN). Like other IFN, the type III IFN display antiviral activity against a wide variety of infections, they induce expression of antiviral, interferon-stimulated genes (MX1, OAS, IFITM1), and they have immuno-modulatory activities that shape adaptive immune responses. Unlike other IFN, the type III IFN signal through distinct receptors is limited to a few cell types, primarily mucosal epithelial cells. As a consequence of their greater and more durable production in nasal and respiratory tissues, they can determine the outcome of respiratory infections. This review is focused on the role of IFN-\u03bb in the pathogenesis of respiratory viral infections, with influenza as a prime example. The influenza virus is a major public health problem, causing up to half a million lethal infections annually. Moreover, the virus has been the cause of four pandemics over the last century. Although IFN-\u03bb are increasingly being tested in antiviral therapy, they can have a negative influence on epithelial tissue recovery and increase the risk of secondary bacterial infections. Therefore, IFN-\u03bb expression deserves increased scrutiny as a key factor in the host immune response to infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9120989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]],"date-time":"2020-11-26T09:04:15Z","timestamp":1606381455000},"page":"989","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["The Key Roles of Interferon Lambda in Human Molecular Defense against Respiratory Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5906-7136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey A.","family":"Lozhkov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0289-6560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey A.","family":"Klotchenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward S.","family":"Ramsay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Herman D.","family":"Moshkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian Technological University (MIREA), 119454 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"US Pharma Biotechnology, Inc., 5000 Thayer Center, Suite C, Oakland, MD 21550, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dmitry A.","family":"Moshkoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"US Pharma Biotechnology, Inc., 5000 Thayer Center, Suite C, Oakland, MD 21550, USA"},{"name":"Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey V.","family":"Vasin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 196376 St. Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"St. Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical Academy, 197022 St. Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3357-5391","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria S.","family":"Salvato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Virus Network(GVN), 725 W Lombard St, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.3390\/v3060920","article-title":"Pattern Recognition Receptors and the Innate Immune Response to Viral Infection","volume":"3","author":"Thompson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2006.02.023","article-title":"Toll-like receptor function and signaling","volume":"117","author":"Kaisho","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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