{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,5]],"date-time":"2025-11-05T11:19:12Z","timestamp":1762341552717,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606608000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Prevotella bivia is an anaerobic, gram-negative bacillus which naturally thrives in the human vagina, and is usually related to vaginal tract infections. However, this microorganism can also cause infections in other body locations. Infections with Prevotella bivia are frequently severe due to the risk of osteomyelitis and the lack of good protocols for adequate therapeutic management. Staphylococcus haemolyticus infection is one of the most frequent etiological factors of nosocomial infections, which hasthe ability to acquire multiple resistance against antimicrobial agents. We report a rare case of foot and hand paronychia with superinfection of Prevotella bivia and Staphylococcus haemolyticus. We highlight the importance of early microbiological diagnosis, and proper therapeutic management to avoid the risk of complications and the development of bacterial resistance to antibiotics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9120999","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]],"date-time":"2020-11-29T21:00:57Z","timestamp":1606683657000},"page":"999","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A Rare Paronychia with Superinfection with Prevotella bivia and Staphylococcus haemolyticus: The Importance of Early Microbiological Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7667-5384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessica","family":"Grande-Del-Arco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Fisioterapia y Podolog\u00eda, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Dolores","family":"Jimenez-Cristino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Podolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raquel","family":"Garc\u00eda-de-la-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Podolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0724-6049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Espejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Reial Acad\u00e8mia de Medicina de Catalunya, 08001 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2869-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"C\u00f3rdoba-Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Podolog\u00eda, Universidad de Sevilla, 41009 Sevilla, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"339","article-title":"Acute and chronic paronychia","volume":"77","author":"Rigopoulus","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"44","article-title":"Acute and chronic paronychia","volume":"96","author":"Leggit","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. Fam. Physician"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-6757(99)90201-2","article-title":"Perionychial infections associated with sculptured nails","volume":"17","author":"Roberge","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1016\/0266-7681(93)90063-L","article-title":"Paronychia: A mixed infection. Microbiology and management","volume":"18","author":"Brook","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Br."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2002.122191","article-title":"Topical steroids versus systemic antifungals in the treatment of chronic paronychia: An open, randomized double-blind and double dummy study","volume":"47","author":"Tosti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/s12593-011-0054-7","article-title":"Mixed Infections of the paronychium with Prevotella bivia","volume":"4","author":"Mirza","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Hand Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4901","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.10.4901-4903.2003","article-title":"Paronychia due to Prevotella bivia that resulted in amputation: Fast and correct bacteriological diagnosis is crucial","volume":"41","author":"Riesbeck","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-200212000-00012","article-title":"Surgical infections of the hand and upper extremity: A county hospital experience","volume":"49","author":"Weinzweig","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2014.10.010","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of clinically isolated anaerobic bacteria in a University Hospital Centre Split, Croatia in 2013","volume":"31","author":"Novak","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00075-15","article-title":"The Human microbiome during bacterial vaginosis","volume":"29","author":"Onderdonk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.18683\/germs.2020.1185","article-title":"An unusual case of fulminant generalized peritonitis secondary to purulent salpingitis caused by Prevotella bivia\u2014Case report with literature review","volume":"10","author":"Kostov","year":"2020","journal-title":"Germs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e178","DOI":"10.14309\/crj.2016.151","article-title":"Purulent proctitis caused by Prevotella bivia in a homosexual male","volume":"3","author":"Masadeh","year":"2016","journal-title":"ACG Case Rep. J."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"109","article-title":"Foot infection with prevotella bivia, P. oralis and P. loescheii after wound licking","volume":"48","author":"Schindl","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S304","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/16.Supplement_4.S304","article-title":"Oral and dental infections with anaerobic bacteria: Clinical features, predominant pathogens, and treatment","volume":"6","author":"Tanner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"131","article-title":"Prevotella species involved in the onset of superficial face and neck abscesses","volume":"49","author":"Dumitriu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Bacter. Virus Paraz. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"426","article-title":"Septic arthritis of the knee joint secondary to Prevotella bivia","volume":"30","author":"Salman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Saudi Med. J."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"228","article-title":"Septic arthiritis due to Prevotella bivia in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Juanola","year":"2000","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/S1297-319X(01)00303-7","article-title":"Septic arthritis due to Prevotella bivia after intra-articular hip joint injection","volume":"68","author":"Laiho","year":"2001","journal-title":"Jt. Bone Spine"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-008-0491-9","article-title":"Cervical necrotizing fasciitis: 8-years\u2019 experience of microbiology","volume":"27","author":"Fihman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1155\/S1064744998000155","article-title":"Studies on the pathogenicity of anaerobes, especially Prevotella bivia, in a rat pyometra model","volume":"6","author":"Mikamo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1142","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2020.1809962","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Staphylococcus haemolyticus on primary human skin fibroblast cells","volume":"11","author":"Eltwisy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2061","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.000178","article-title":"Staphylococcus haemolyticus\u2014An emerging threat in the twilight of the antibiotics age","volume":"161","author":"Czekaj","year":"2015","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.13368","article-title":"The foot microbiome","volume":"19","author":"Adamczyk","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(87)80217-4","article-title":"Microbiologic flora of human fingernails","volume":"12","author":"Rayan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"253","article-title":"Periungual bacterial flora in the human foot","volume":"30","author":"Wolf","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Foot Surg."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1179\/1973947815Y.0000000068","article-title":"Antimicrobials therapy of anaerobic infections","volume":"28","author":"Brook","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.04.009","article-title":"In vitro activity of tigecycline and comparators against a European collection of anaerobes collected as part of the Tigecycline Evaluation and Surveillance Trial (T.E.S.T.) 2010\u20132016","volume":"51","author":"Rodloff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01003-09","article-title":"Metronidazole resistance in Prevotella spp. and description of a new nim gene in Prevotella baroniae","volume":"54","author":"Alauzet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05563-11","article-title":"Staphylococcus haemolyticus as an important hospital pathogen and carrier of methicillin resistance genes","volume":"50","author":"Barros","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Pathogens"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/12\/999\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:39:09Z","timestamp":1760179149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-0817\/9\/12\/999"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathogens9120999"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens9120999","relation":{},"ISSN":["2076-0817"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2076-0817"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,29]]}}}