{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T02:04:35Z","timestamp":1785895475728,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nodding syndrome is a pediatric epilepsy disorder associated with Onchocerca volvulus infection, but the mechanism driving this relationship is unclear. One hypothesis proposes that parasite-induced immune responses cross-react with human leiomodin-1 resulting in immune-mediated central nervous system (CNS) damage. However, as leiomodin-1 expression and epitope availability in human neurons remains uncharacterized, the relevance of leiomodin-1 autoimmunity is unknown. Leiomodin-1 transcript expression was assessed in silico using publicly available ribonucleic acid (RNA) sequencing databases and in tissue by in situ hybridization and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Abundance and subcellular localization were examined by cell fractionation and immunoblotting. Leiomodin-1 transcripts were expressed in cells of the CNS, including neurons and astrocytes. Protein was detectable from all brain regions examined as well as from representative cell lines and in vitro differentiated neurons and astrocytes. Leiomodin-1 was expressed on the membrane of newly formed neurons, but not neural progenitor cells or mature neurons. Importantly, leiomodin-1 antibodies were only toxic to cells expressing leiomodin-1 on the membrane. Our findings provide evidence that leiomodin-1 is expressed in human neurons and glia. Furthermore, we show membrane expression mediates leiomodin-1 antibody toxicity, suggesting these antibodies may play a role in pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121036","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]],"date-time":"2020-12-10T08:59:34Z","timestamp":1607590774000},"page":"1036","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Putative Autoantigen Leiomodin-1 Is Expressed in the Human Brain and in the Membrane Fraction of Newly Formed Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2652-9944","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David W.","family":"Nauen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Haffner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qizhi","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo M.","family":"DeMarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mahairaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6818-6380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Colantuoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6474-3274","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. Geoffrey","family":"Pickering","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tory P.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1909.130401","article-title":"Nodding syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Dowell","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. 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