{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T07:41:14Z","timestamp":1775634074828,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1608508800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US Defense Threat Reduction Agency","award":["HDTRA-12010003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HDTRA-12010003"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000001","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#BCS--0921770,- 0922429,-1440278 and -1440532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#BCS--0921770,- 0922429,-1440278 and -1440532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000001","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathogens"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a worldwide zoonotic disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium Bacillus anthracis. Primarily a disease of herbivores, human infections often result from direct contact with contaminated animal products (cutaneous and inhalational anthrax) or through consumption of infected meat (gastrointestinal anthrax). The genetic near neighbor, Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis (Bcbva), causes an anthrax-like illness in the wildlife and livestock of west and central Africa due to the presence and expression of B. anthracis-specific virulence factors in this background. While Bcbva infections have not been reported in humans, a recent seroprevalence study detected Bcbva antibodies in the rural population around Ta\u00ef National Park. This work describes the development of new TaqMan multiplex PCRs for the simultaneous detection of B. anthracis and Bcbva. The assays are designed to amplify Ba-1, capB, and lef markers in B. anthracis and genomic island IV (GI4), capB, and lef in Bcbva. Our assays allow for the rapid discrimination of B. anthracis and Bcbva and will provide insights into the molecular epidemiology of these two important pathogens that share an overlapping geographical range in west and central Africa.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9121074","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]],"date-time":"2020-12-21T09:41:41Z","timestamp":1608543701000},"page":"1074","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["TaqMan Assays for Simultaneous Detection of Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus cereus biovar anthracis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Diansy","family":"Zincke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5285-0432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael H.","family":"Norris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Odalis","family":"Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Berzhan","family":"Kurmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"W. Scott","family":"McGraw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Daegling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Krigbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thi Thu Ha","family":"Hoang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 10000, Vietnam"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3881-737X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamil","family":"Khanipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgiy","family":"Golovko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology &amp; Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ted","family":"Hadfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0928-4831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason K.","family":"Blackburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spatial Epidemiology &amp; Ecology Research Laboratory, Department of Geography, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"},{"name":"Emerging Pathogens Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2236","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.17.2236","article-title":"Anthrax as a Biological Weapon, 2002 Updated Recommendations for Management","volume":"287","author":"Inglesby","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v3.i1.20","article-title":"Anthrax: A Disease of Biowarfare and Public Health Importance","volume":"3","author":"Goel","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. 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