{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T17:22:00Z","timestamp":1783444920780,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1614902400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Echis ocellatus snakebite causes more fatalities than all other African snake species combined. Moringa oleifera reportedly possesses an antivenom property. Therefore, we evaluated the effectiveness of M. oleifera ethanol extract (MOE) against E. ocellatus venom (EOV) toxicities. Thirty male rats were grouped as follows (n = 5): Group 1 (normal control received saline), groups 2 to 6 were administered intraperitoneally, 0.22 mg\/kg (LD50) of EOV. Group 2 was left untreated while group 3 to 6 were treated post-envenoming with 0.2 mL of polyvalent antivenom, 200, 400, and 600 mg\/kg of MOE respectively. MOE significantly (p &lt; 0.05) normalized the altered haematological indices and blood electrolytes profiles. MOE attenuated venom-induced cellular dysfunctions, characterized by a significant increase in NRF2, and concomitant downregulation of increased antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) activities in the serum and heart of the treated rats. MOE normalized the elevated TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 in serum and heart tissues. Furthermore, the IgG titre value was significantly (p &lt; 0.5) higher in the envenomed untreated group compared to the MOE-treated groups. Hemorrhagic, hemolytic and coagulant activities of the venom were strongly inhibited by the MOE dose, dependently. Lesions noticed on tissues of vital organs of untreated rats were abolished by MOE. Our findings substantiate the effectiveness of MOE as a potential remedy against EOV toxicities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology28010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]],"date-time":"2021-03-05T11:46:09Z","timestamp":1614944769000},"page":"98-115","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Moringa oleifera Extract Extenuates Echis ocellatus Venom-Induced Toxicities, Histopathological Impairments and Inflammation via Enhancement of Nrf2 Expression in Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Akindele O.","family":"Adeyi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.M.B. 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sodiq O.","family":"Adeyemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.M.B. 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enoh-Obong P.","family":"Effiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Physiology Unit, Department of Zoology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan P.M.B. 200284, Oyo State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babafemi S.","family":"Ajisebiola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Oshogbo P.M.B. 230212, Osun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olubisi E.","family":"Adeyi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3276-8914","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adewale S.","family":"James","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta P.M.B. 2240, Ogun State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17063","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.63","article-title":"Snakebite envenoming","volume":"3","author":"Gutierrez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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