{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,28]],"date-time":"2026-07-28T04:41:08Z","timestamp":1785213668415,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acidosis and its associated pathologies predispose patients to develop cardiac arrhythmias and even cardiac arrest. These arrhythmias are assumed to be the result of membrane depolarization, however, the exact mechanism of depolarization during acidosis is not well defined. In our study, the model of quantum tunneling of protons is used to explain the membrane depolarization that occurs during acidosis. It is found that protons can tunnel through closed activation and inactivation gates of voltage-gated sodium channels Nav1.5 that are present in the membrane of cardiac cells. The quantum tunneling of protons results in quantum conductance, which is evaluated to assess its effect on membrane potential. The quantum conductance of extracellular protons is higher than that of intracellular protons. This predicts an inward quantum current of protons through the closed sodium channels. Additionally, the values of quantum conductance are influential and can depolarize the membrane potential according to the quantum version of the GHK equation. The quantum mechanism of depolarization is distinct from other mechanisms because the quantum model suggests that protons can directly depolarize the membrane potential, and not only through indirect effects as proposed by other mechanisms in the literature. Understanding the pathophysiology of arrhythmias mediated by depolarization during acidosis is crucial to treat and control them and to improve the overall clinical outcomes of patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology28030027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T02:44:18Z","timestamp":1630982658000},"page":"400-436","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Proton Quantum Tunneling: Influence and Relevance to Acidosis-Induced Cardiac Arrhythmias\/Cardiac Arrest"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5447-4648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Ababneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5419-4793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdallah Barjas","family":"Qaswal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Alelaumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopedic Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6465-8424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lubna","family":"Khreesha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Special Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mujahed","family":"Almomani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Majdi","family":"Khrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oweiss","family":"Khrais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Suleihat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahed","family":"Mutleq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazan","family":"Al-olaimat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sager","family":"Nawafleh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Unit, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13115, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Greenberg, A. 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