{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T01:28:15Z","timestamp":1790645295862,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":157,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]],"date-time":"2021-10-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1634256000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Government of the Russian Federation for support of the studies conducted under the supervision of leading scientists","award":["Contract no. 14. W03. 31. 0009 of 13.02. 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Contract no. 14. W03. 31. 0009 of 13.02. 2017"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Philosophy of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences","award":["topic No. \u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041018-118020590108-7"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["topic No. \u0410\u0410\u0410\u0410-\u041018-118020590108-7"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>According to global data, there is a male reproductive potential decrease. Pathogenesis of male infertility is often associated with autoimmunity towards sperm antigens essential for fertilization. Antisperm autoantibodies (ASAs) have immobilizing and cytotoxic properties, impairing spermatogenesis, causing sperm agglutination, altering spermatozoa motility and acrosomal reaction, and thus preventing ovum fertilization. Infertility diagnosis requires a mandatory check for the ASAs. The concept of the blood\u2013testis barrier is currently re-formulated, with an emphasis on informational paracrine and juxtacrine effects, rather than simple anatomical separation. The etiology of male infertility includes both autoimmune and non-autoimmune diseases but equally develops through autoimmune links of pathogenesis. Varicocele commonly leads to infertility due to testicular ischemic damage, venous stasis, local hyperthermia, and hypoandrogenism. However, varicocelectomy can alter the blood\u2013testis barrier, facilitating ASAs production as well. There are contradictory data on the role of ASAs in the pathogenesis of varicocele-related infertility. Infection and inflammation both promote ASAs production due to \u201cdanger concept\u201d mechanisms and because of antigen mimicry. Systemic pro-autoimmune influences like hyperprolactinemia, hypoandrogenism, and hypothyroidism also facilitate ASAs production. The diagnostic value of various ASAs has not yet been clearly attributed, and their cut-levels have not been determined in sera nor in ejaculate. The assessment of the autoimmunity role in the pathogenesis of male infertility is ambiguous, so the purpose of this review is to show the effects of ASAs on the pathogenesis of male infertility.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology28040030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]],"date-time":"2021-10-18T13:59:52Z","timestamp":1634565592000},"page":"471-488","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Male Infertility: Juxtacrine, Paracrine, and Endocrine Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4329-147X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeriy","family":"Chereshnev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Pichugova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia"},{"name":"State Autonomous Healthcare Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region \u201cClinical and Diagnostic Center\u201d (GAUZ SO \u201cCDC\u201d Clinical Diagnostic Center), 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yakov","family":"Beikin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Autonomous Healthcare Institution of the Sverdlovsk Region \u201cClinical and Diagnostic Center\u201d (GAUZ SO \u201cCDC\u201d Clinical Diagnostic Center), 620144 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6169-7978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Chereshneva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 620049 Yekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1286-9347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Angelina","family":"Iukhta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuri","family":"Stroev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Churilov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of the Mosaics of Autoimmunity, Saint Petersburg State University, 199304 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Saint Petersburg Research Institute of Phthisiopulmonology, 191036 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"49","article-title":"Evaluation on antisperm antibody in infertile men with oligoasthenoteratozoospermia","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. 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