{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:52Z","timestamp":1787029252755,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]],"date-time":"2022-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646611200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012696","name":"University of Surabaya","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Internal"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Internal"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012696","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The clinical manifestations associated with COVID-19 disease is mainly due to a dysregulated host response related to the overexpression of inflammatory markers. Until recently, only remdesivir had gained FDA approval for COVID-19 hospitalized patients and there are currently no evidence-based therapeutic options or options for prevention of complications that have been established. Some medical treatments such as antivirals, antibacterials, antithrombotics, antipyretics, corticosteroids, interleukin inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, immunostimulants, and vitamin supplements have been utilized. However, there are limited data to support their effectiveness. Hence, this study was attempted to identify and evaluate the effectiveness of antibacterials and antivirals used for COVID-19 using a retrospective cross-sectional approach based on the medical records of adult patients in four hospitals. The number of antibacterials was calculated in defined daily dose (DDD) per 100 bed-days unit. Both mixed-logit regression and analysis of covariance were used to determine the effectiveness of the aforementioned agents in relation to COVID-19 outcome and patients\u2019 length of stay. The model was weighed accordingly and covariates (e.g., age) were considered in the model. Heart disease was found to be the most common pre-existing condition of COVID-19 hospitalized patients in this study. Azithromycin, an antibacterial in the Watch category list, was used extensively (33\u201365 DDD per 100 bed-days). Oseltamivir, an antiviral approved by the FDA for influenza was the most prescribed antiviral. In addition, favipiravir was found to be a significant factor in improving patients\u2019 COVID-19 outcomes and decreasing their length of stay. This study strongly suggests that COVID-19 patients\u2019 received polypharmacy for their treatment. However, most of the drugs used did not reach statistical significance in improving the patients\u2019 condition or decreasing the length of stay. Further studies to support drug use are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology29010009","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T01:53:54Z","timestamp":1646790834000},"page":"92-105","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Evaluation of Antibacterial and Antiviral Drug Effectiveness in COVID-19 Therapy: A Data-Driven Retrospective Approach"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Rika","family":"Yulia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Putri Ayu Irma","family":"Ikasanti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-955X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fauna","family":"Herawati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruddy","family":"Hartono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Bhayangkara, Surabaya 60231, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puri Safitri","family":"Hanum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"family":"Lestiono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Pusat TNI Angkatan Laut (RSPAL) Dr. Ramelan, Surabaya 60244, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dewi","family":"Ramdani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, Rumah Sakit Umum Haji, Surabaya 60177, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Kadir","family":"Jaelani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, RSUD Bangil, Pasuruan 67153, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6417-8455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kevin","family":"Kantono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland 1142, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heru","family":"Wijono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Surabaya, Surabaya 60293, Indonesia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"84","article-title":"COVID-19 and Indonesia","volume":"52","author":"Setiati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Med. 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