{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T20:30:19Z","timestamp":1789763419312,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683849600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P2OGM103424-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P2OGM103424-20"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3P20GM103424-19S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P20GM103424-19S2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","award":["3P2OGM103424-20"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P2OGM103424-20"]}]},{"name":"Louisiana Board of Regents","award":["3P20GM103424-19S2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3P20GM103424-19S2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There are several pathophysiological outcomes associated with substance abuse including metabolic disbalance, neurodegeneration, and disordered redox. Drug use in pregnant women is a topic of great concern due to developmental harm which may occur during gestation and the associated complications in the neonate after delivery. We sought to determine what the trajectory of drug use is like in children aged 0\u20134 years and mothers of neonates. Urine drug screen (UDS) results were obtained of our target demographic during 1998\u20132011 and 2012\u20132019 from LSU Health Sciences Center in Shreveport (LSUHSC-S). Statistical analysis was performed using R software. We observed an increase in cannabinoid-positive UDS results in both Caucasian (CC) and African American (AA) groups between 1998\u20132011 and 2012\u20132019 periods. Cocaine-positive UDS results decreased in both cohorts. CC children had higher UDS positive results for opiates, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines, while AA children had a higher percentage for illicit drugs such as cannabinoids and cocaine. Neonate\u2019s mothers had similar UDS trends to that in children during 2012\u20132019. Overall, while percentage of positive UDS results for both AA and CC 0\u20134 year old children started to decline for opiate, benzodiazepine, and cocaine during 2012\u20132019, cannabinoid- and amphetamine (CC)-positive UDS steadily increased. These results suggest a shift in the type of drug use by mothers from opiates, benzodiazepines, and cocaine to cannabinoids and\/or amphetamines. We also observed that 18-year-old females who tested positive for opiates, benzodiazepine, or cocaine had higher than average chances of testing positive for cannabinoids later in life.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology30020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]],"date-time":"2023-05-12T10:49:51Z","timestamp":1683888591000},"page":"219-232","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Trends in Drug Tests among Children: A 22-Year Retrospective Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phillip C. S. R.","family":"Kilgore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, LSU Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadejda","family":"Korneeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Clifford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, LSU Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4014-969X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven A.","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marjan","family":"Trutschl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, LSU Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-6580-2407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacquelyn M.","family":"Bowers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, LSU Health Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71103, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2042-6415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Urska","family":"Cvek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Computer Science, LSU Shreveport, Shreveport, LA 71115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4780852","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/4780852","article-title":"Pathological Consequences of Drug Abuse: Implication of Redox Imbalance","volume":"2019","author":"Schiavone","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. 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