{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T06:40:00Z","timestamp":1789800000316,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":172,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut\u2013brain axis (GBA) represents a complex, bidirectional communication network that intricately connects the gastrointestinal tract with the central nervous system (CNS). Understanding and intervening in this axis opens a pathway for therapeutic advancements for neurological and gastrointestinal diseases where the GBA has been proposed to play a role in the pathophysiology. In light of this, the current review assesses the effectiveness of neuromodulation techniques in treating neurological and gastrointestinal disorders by modulating the GBA, involving key elements such as gut microbiota, neurotrophic factors, and proinflammatory cytokines. Through a comprehensive literature review encompassing PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library, this research highlights the role played by the GBA in neurological and gastrointestinal diseases, in addition to the impact of neuromodulation on the management of these conditions which include both gastrointestinal (irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)) and neurological disorders (Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and neuropsychiatric disorders). Despite existing challenges, the ability of neuromodulation to adjust disrupted neural pathways, alleviate pain, and mitigate inflammation is significant in improving the quality of life for patients, thereby offering exciting prospects for future advancements in patient care.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology31020019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T06:53:49Z","timestamp":1715928829000},"page":"244-268","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":60,"title":["Neuromodulation and the Gut\u2013Brain Axis: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Implications for Gastrointestinal and Neurological Disorders"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5593-5733","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Baha\u2019","family":"Aljeradat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7735-6468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danisha","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi 74200, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sulaiman","family":"Abdulmuizz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin 240003, Kwara, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mrinmoy","family":"Kundu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751029, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7976-6654","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser F.","family":"Almealawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Kufa, Kufa P.O. Box 21, Iraq"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-0778-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dima Ratib","family":"Batarseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3131-4104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oday","family":"Atallah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Ennabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muath","family":"Alsarafandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Rafa Refugee Camp, Rafa P.O. Box 108, Palestine"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Islamic University of Gaza, Gaza P.O. Box 108, Palestine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Alan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Neurosurgical Alliance, Tucson, AZ 85716, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Weinand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA"},{"name":"College of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85004, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u2019Antongiovanni, V., Pellegrini, C., Antonioli, L., Ippolito, C., Segnani, C., Benvenuti, L., D\u2019Amati, A., Errede, M., Virgintino, D., and Fornai, M. 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