{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T17:18:41Z","timestamp":1789147121231,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Patients undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) surgery can develop TURP syndrome and post-TURP bleeding. Post-TURP bleeding can be surgical, from arteries or venous sinuses, or non-surgical, due to coagulopathy preventing clot formation. Non-surgical post-TURP bleeding may be due to high concentrations of urokinase and tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) in the urine that cause fibrinolytic changes and increase bleeding risk. Urine urokinase and tPA may have both local and systemic fibrinolytic effects that may prevent blood clot formation locally at the site of surgery, and cause fibrinolytic changes systemically through leaking into the blood stream. Another post-TURP complication that may happen is TURP syndrome, due to absorption of hypotonic glycine fluid through the prostatic venous plexus. TURP syndrome may present with hyponatremia, bradycardia, and hypotension, which may be preceded by hypertension. In this case report, we had a patient with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) who developed both TURP syndrome and non-surgical post-TURP bleeding. These complications were transient for one day after surgery. The local effect of urine urokinase and tPA explains the non-surgical bleeding after TURP by preventing clot formation and inducing bleeding. Coagulation studies showed fibrinolytic changes that may be explained by urokinase and tPA leakage into the blood stream. In conclusion, non-surgical bleeding after TURP can be explained by the presence of fibrinolytic agents in the urine, including urokinase and tPA. There is a deficiency in existing studies explaining the pathophysiology of the fibrinolytic changes and risk of bleeding after TURP. Herein, we discuss the possible pathophysiology of developing fibrinolytic changes after TURP. More research effort should be directed to explore this area to investigate the appropriate medications to treat and prevent post-TURP bleeding. We suggest monitoring patients\u2019 coagulation profiles and electrolytes after TURP because of the risk of developing severe acute hyponatremia, TURP syndrome, fibrinolytic changes, and non-surgical bleeding. In our review of the literature, we discuss current clinical trials testing the use of an antifibrinolytic agent, Tranexamic acid, locally in the irrigation fluid or systemically to prevent post-TURP bleeding by antagonizing the fibrinolytic activity of urine urokinase and tPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology31030027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T16:23:41Z","timestamp":1720801421000},"page":"367-375","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Non-Surgical Bleeding and Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP) Syndrome after TURP Surgery: A Case Report and Literature Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4219-3659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akram M.","family":"Eraky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Education Department, Kansas City University of Medicine and Biosciences, Kansas City, MO 64106, USA"},{"name":"Emergency Medicine, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sidney C.","family":"Rubenstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yasser","family":"Mokhtar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Critical Care Medicine, Freeman Health System, Joplin, MO 64804, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole M.","family":"Gregorich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53726, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stewart, K.L., and Lephart, E.D. 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