{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T19:12:01Z","timestamp":1790017921262,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) remains incurable, highlighting the need for new and diverse animal models to better understand its complex mechanisms. This study compares various injected animal models of AD, focusing on the main theories that explain the disease; Methods: Female Wistar rats (10-months old) were administered intracebroventricularly by artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) (Control), beta amyloid A\u03b21-42 (BA), okadaic acid (OKA), lipopolysaccharides (LPS), buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) or by a mixture of these different molecules (MLG). Cognitive performance was assessed one week or one month after stereotaxic surgery; Results: Our results, show that only the A\u03b2 and the MLG induced a persistence and progressive deficits in the working memory, recognition memory and spatial memory in rats. As the hippocampus (HIP) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are particularly involved in memory behavior, we analyzed long-term neuroadaptations in these brain subregions using spectrophotometric and histological methods to assess oxidative stress changes and neuronal loss, respectively. We found that the behavioral impairments in memory and learning were accompanied by irreversible oxidative stress changes and neurodegenerescence, particularly in the HIP; Conclusions: This study provides promising data on the modeling of AD in order to develop an effective therapeutic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology31040047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]],"date-time":"2024-11-20T10:37:35Z","timestamp":1732099055000},"page":"643-659","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Comparative Study of Injected Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Models in Rats: Insights from Experimental Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Hanane","family":"Doumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Health Laboratory (BHL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14 000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5994-7731","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hicham","family":"El Mostafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Health Laboratory (BHL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14 000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aboubaker","family":"Elhessni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Health Laboratory (BHL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14 000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abderrahim","family":"Laaziz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Health Laboratory (BHL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14 000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelhalem","family":"Mesfioui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology and Health Laboratory (BHL), Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Ibn Tofail University, Kenitra 14 000, Morocco"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Alzheimer Report (2018). 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