{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T08:03:02Z","timestamp":1767859382156,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"\u201cFondos Estatales Gen\u00e9ricos de la Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo\u201d","award":["2023-[Amp]-0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023-[Amp]-0080"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Vitamin D (VD) deficiency has been associated with increased risk of gestational disorders affecting the endocrine system, immune system, and neurodevelopment in offspring. Recent studies have focused on the interaction between toxic elements and micronutrients during pregnancy. This review analyzes the potential relationships between VD levels and heavy metals in pregnant women and their offspring. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to PRISMA 2020 guidelines, using databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Boolean operators \u2018AND\u2019 and \u2018OR\u2019 were applied with terms like \u2018pregnancy\u2019, \u2018vitamin D\u2019, \u2018heavy metals\u2019, and \u2018newborns\u2019. Results: From 4688 articles, 14 studies were selected based on relevance and quality. These studies measured the levels of metals like lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), in biological samples including maternal blood, umbilical cord blood, placenta tissue, and meconium during different stages of pregnancy, showing an inverse relationship between VD deficiency and heavy metal concentrations, which could be related to the incidence of preterm birth. Conclusions: The review highlights the importance of maintaining adequate VD levels during pregnancy, suggesting that sufficient VD may mitigate the adverse effects of heavy metal exposure, potentially reducing pregnancy-related complications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology31040048","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]],"date-time":"2024-11-21T12:24:51Z","timestamp":1732191891000},"page":"660-679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Interplay Between Vitamin D Levels and Heavy Metals Exposure in Pregnancy and Childbirth: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Flores-Baz\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca P.O. Box 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2561-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannett Alejandra","family":"Izquierdo-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex-Hacienda de la Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca P.O. Box 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9331-9509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9 Antonio","family":"Guerrero-Solano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Escuela Superior de Tlahuelilpan, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Av. Universidad s\/n Centro, Tlahuelilpan P.O. Box 42780, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Ovando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca-Tulancingo Km 4.5 s\/n, Mineral de la Reforma P.O. Box 42184, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Estrada-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca P.O. Box 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Sara\u00ed","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca P.O. Box 42160, Hidalgo, Mexico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, treatment, and prevention of vitamin D deficiency: An Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. 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