{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:58:08Z","timestamp":1790017088568,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":311,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"South Ural State University","award":["FENU-2023-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENU-2023-0014"]}]},{"name":"South Ural State University","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology","award":["FENU-2023-0014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FENU-2023-0014"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology","award":["122020900136-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["122020900136-4"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is a multifaceted psychiatric disorder triggered by traumatic events, leading to prolonged psychological distress and varied symptoms. Rat models have been extensively used to explore the biological, behavioral, and neurochemical underpinnings of PTSD. This review critically examines the strengths and limitations of commonly used rat models, such as single prolonged stress (SPS), stress\u2013re-stress (S-R), and predator-based paradigms, in replicating human PTSD pathology. While these models provide valuable insights into neuroendocrine responses, genetic predispositions, and potential therapeutic targets, they face challenges in capturing the full complexity of PTSD, particularly in terms of ethological relevance and translational validity. We assess the degree to which these models mimic the neurobiological and behavioral aspects of human PTSD, highlighting areas where they succeed and where they fall short. This review also discusses future directions in refining these models to improve their utility for translational research, aiming to bridge the gap between preclinical findings and clinical applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology31040051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]],"date-time":"2024-12-06T09:55:20Z","timestamp":1733478920000},"page":"709-760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Rat Models in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Research: Strengths, Limitations, and Implications for Translational Studies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3101-9655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey","family":"Sarapultsev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervomaiskaya Street, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2431-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"Komelkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Russian\u2013Chinese Education and Research Center of System Pathology, South Ural State University, 76 Lenin Prospekt, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9544-1885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleg","family":"Lookin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Scientific Medical Center, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5921-6680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sergey","family":"Khatsko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Anatomical and Physiological Experimental Laboratory, Department of Experimental Biology and Biotechnology, Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, 48 Kuybysheva Str., 620026 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7145-2376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgenii","family":"Gusev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology and Physiology, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, 106 Pervomaiskaya Street, 620049 Ekaterinburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6745-6035","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Trofimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbai Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2219-3301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tursonjan","family":"Tokay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbai Batyr Ave., Astana 010000, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Desheng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China"},{"name":"Hubei Key Laboratory of Biological Targeted Therapy, China-Russia Medical Research Center for Stress Immunology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1364.025","article-title":"Toward an animal model of posttraumatic stress disorder","volume":"1071","author":"Siegmund","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. 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