{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T12:26:05Z","timestamp":1783427165542,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1744156800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Two of the microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes (T2D) are diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is the most common cause of non-traumatic blindness, and diabetic kidney disease (DKD); the latter generally requires renal replacement therapy. The aim of the present study was to determine the frequency of polymorphisms of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 (TNF-\u03b1, IL-10, and IL-6), as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory characteristics of T2D association with these microvascular complications. Methods: This study included 203 patients with T2D, of which 102 had microvascular complications: 95 with DR, 50 with DKD, and 15 with diabetic neuropathy (the latter were not included in the statistical analysis); those with T2D without confirmed microvascular complications were considered as controls. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from the patient\u2019s medical records. Polymorphism typing of TNF-\u03b1 rs361525 and rs1800629 and IL-10 rs1800872 and rs1800871 were obtained using MALDI-TOF MS. IL-10 rs1800896 and IL-6 rs1800795 were typed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: The results of age, HbA1c, fasting glucose, and arterial hypertension are significantly associated in every group. The TNF-\u03b1 rs1800629A allele and TNF-\u03b1 rs1800629G\/A genotype were associated with microvascular complications and DR. For IL-10-rs1800896, all the models were associated in DKD. The TNF-\u03b1 rs361525-rs1800629GA haplotype was associated with microvascular complications and DR, while the IL-10 haplotype, rs1800872-rs1800871-rs1800896 GGC, showed susceptibility in every group. Conclusions: Our results show the contributions of the variants of these cytokines to these microvascular complications, but more studies are required to reach relevant conclusions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology32020014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T03:32:53Z","timestamp":1744169573000},"page":"14","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Frequency of Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1, Interleukin-6, and Interleukin-10 Gene Polymorphisms in Mexican Patients with Diabetic Retinopathy and Diabetic Kidney Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Patricia Elvira","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Valencia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina Interna, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0739-0449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Daniel","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina Interna, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8162-7336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Leyva-Leyva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fabiola","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Aguill\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nelly Raquel","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Arenas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda de Agentes Pat\u00f3genos, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas Guillermo","family":"Mendoza-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina Interna, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika Karina","family":"Tenorio-Aguirre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Divisi\u00f3n de Medicina Interna, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. Secci\u00f3n XVI, Mexico City 14080, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mercedes Piedad","family":"de Le\u00f3n-Bautista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Vasco de Quiroga, Morelia 58090, Mexico"},{"name":"Laboratorio de Enfermedades Infecciosas y Gen\u00f3mica (INEX LAB), Morelia 58280, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aurora","family":"Ibarra-Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda Molecular e Histocompatibilidad, Hospital General \u201cDr. Manuel Gea Gonz\u00e1lez\u201d, Calzada de Tlalpan 4800, Col. 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