{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T15:02:46Z","timestamp":1790694166256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study investigated the impact of crack cocaine smoke exposure on the submandibular salivary gland of Wistar rats. Methods: The animals were distributed into four groups: control (CTRL); 25 mg exposure (CK25); 50 mg exposure (CK50); and 100 mg exposure (CK100). The animals were exposed to crack cocaine smoke once a day for five consecutive days. Results: Exposure to crack cocaine smoke-induced histopathological changes in submandibular salivary glands in all groups under exposure. The immunohistochemical analysis demonstrates that exposure to crack cocaine smoke led to an increase in BCL-2 and P16 expression in all groups exposed to crack cocaine (p &lt; 0.05). The analysis of Ki-67 expression revealed a significant increase in immunoreactive cells across all exposure groups (p &lt; 0.05). Although MYD88 expression was observed in all crack cocaine-exposed groups, only the group treated with the highest dose (100 mg) exhibited a statistically significant increase compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: In summary, this study demonstrates that exposure to crack cocaine smoke-induced tissue degeneration in the submandibular salivary gland, increasing cellular senescence and promoting compensatory cell proliferation in Wistar rats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology32030032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T04:35:52Z","timestamp":1751517352000},"page":"32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Crack Cocaine Smoke Induces Tissue Degeneration in Rat Submandibular Glands by Toll-like Signaling Pathway"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-2386-2126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorrany da Silva","family":"Avanci","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel Vitor","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-5951-4399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel Carvalhal","family":"de Aguiar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thiago","family":"Guedes Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara dos Anjos","family":"Rosario","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena de Barros","family":"Viana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5705-6767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasmin Alaby Martins","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviane Carlin","family":"Cordaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Criminalistics of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo 01255-000, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6579-6167","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luciana Pellegrini","family":"Pisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5057-4983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Araki","family":"Ribeiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosciences, Institute of Health and Society, Federal University of Sao Paulo UNIFESP, Rua Silva Jardim, 136, Room 332, Vila Mathias, Santos 11050-020, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/sysbio\/syaa074","article-title":"The Origins of Coca: Museum Genomics Reveals Multiple Independent Domestications from Progenitor Erythroxylum gracilipes","volume":"70","author":"White","year":"2021","journal-title":"Syst. 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