{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T01:44:08Z","timestamp":1760060648004,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of National Defence, Poland","award":["357\/2021\/DA"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["357\/2021\/DA"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death in Europe. Despite medical advancements, modifiable risk factors\u2014such as obesity, smoking, and physical inactivity\u2014continue to rise, especially in high-demand professional groups like military personnel. The updated SCORE2 model offers broader assessment capabilities compared to the traditional Pol-SCORE system used in Poland. This study aimed to assess and compare cardiovascular risk using both models and evaluate self-awareness of cardiovascular risk factors among military and civilian employees. Methods: The study included military personnel and civilian defense employees who completed a health-related questionnaire and underwent clinical evaluation, including blood pressure measurement and lipid profiling. Cardiovascular risk was assessed using both Pol-SCORE (fatal events only) and SCORE2 (fatal and non-fatal events). Statistical analysis was conducted using standard parametric and nonparametric methods. Results: SCORE2 classified significantly more individuals into high or very high cardiovascular risk categories than Pol-SCORE. Differences were especially pronounced among women and civilians. Elevated blood pressure, overweight, obesity, tobacco use, and stress were commonly observed. Despite a high level of awareness about prevention, regular participation in screening was low, and many respondents underestimated their health risk, indicating the presence of unrecognized or underestimated risk. Conclusions: SCORE2 proves to be a more sensitive and comprehensive tool for cardiovascular risk evaluation. The findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted prevention strategies and health education, especially in high-risk occupational groups such as military personnel.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology32030045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T19:16:17Z","timestamp":1757445377000},"page":"45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["SCORE2 Outperforms Pol-SCORE in Detecting Increased Cardiovascular Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0176-6609","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Zawadzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education, Prevention, and Promotion, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska Street 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Medical University of Lodz, \u017beligowskiego Street 7\/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ewelina","family":"Ejchman-Pac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education, Prevention, and Promotion, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska Street 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amelia","family":"Kowalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Medical University of Lodz, \u017beligowskiego Street 7\/9, 90-752 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3438-7509","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiobiology and Radiation Protection, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska Street 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Drug Analysis and Radiopharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Muszy\u0144skiego Street 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5356-5317","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Marsza\u0142kowska-Jakubik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Education, Prevention, and Promotion, Military Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Kozielska Street 4, 01-163 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3973526","article-title":"The Prevalence of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Polish Soldiers: The Results from the MIL-SCORE Program","volume":"2020","author":"Gielerak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cardiol. 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