{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T17:38:17Z","timestamp":1791308297171,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]],"date-time":"2025-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759017600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Lichen Planus Pemphigoides (LPP) represents a rare variant of Oral Lichen Planus in which the typical pemphigoid-associated antibodies, BP180 and BP230, are present. The objectives of this Systematic Review are to analyze the data currently available in the literature on this rare condition, with the aim of laying the groundwork for future investigations and research. Methods: This Systematic Review was registered in the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO) under the registration number CRD420251133018. Subsequently, a search was conducted on PubMed\/Medline, Scopus, and Ovid using specific keywords combined with Boolean operators. Articles published up to 2025 were included. The following types of studies were considered eligible: case reports, clinical conferences, clinical studies, clinical trials, controlled clinical trials, letters, multicenter studies, observational studies, randomized controlled trials, and human-based studies. Book chapters, systematic reviews, narrative reviews, in vitro studies, and animal models were excluded. Results: A total of 67 articles were initially identified; following thorough review and exclusion, 20 articles were retained. The patient data extracted from these selected studies were used to construct a table in which patients were categorized according to both qualitative and quantitative variables. The results highlight that LPP is a condition requiring a complex diagnostic process involving both histological examination and serological testing (Immunofluorescence and Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay\u2014ELISA). Conclusions: Furthermore, with the advent of immunotherapy, an increasingly well-documented new category of drug-induced LPP has emerged, associated with PD-1 and PD-L1 inhibitors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology32040051","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:01:39Z","timestamp":1759154499000},"page":"51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pemphigoid Antibodies in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3487-0800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenico","family":"De Falco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3401-776X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dario","family":"Di Stasio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania\u2014\u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, via De Crecchio, 6, 80138 Napkes, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Caggiula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4663-9734","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Lajolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Head and Neck Department, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli-IRCCS, School of Dentistry, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2677-0869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberta","family":"Lucchese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Multidisciplinary Department of Medical and Dental Specialties, University of Campania\u2014\u201cLuigi Vanvitelli\u201d, via De Crecchio, 6, 80138 Napkes, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9030-3739","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Petruzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H\u00fcbner, F., Langan, E.A., and Recke, A. (2019). Lichen Planus Pemphigoides: From Lichenoid Inflammation to Autoantibody-Mediated Blistering. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.01389"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.12.044","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides, a possible example of epitope spreading","volume":"109","author":"Mignogna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endodontol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.4103\/aam.aam_252_24","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides: From Lichenoid to Bullous Disease","volume":"24","author":"Jadhav","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann. Afr. Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.4103\/idoj.idoj_763_24","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides: A Clinical, Histopathological, and Immunological Report of 12 Indian Patients","volume":"16","author":"De","year":"2025","journal-title":"Indian Dermatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.15158","article-title":"Oral Manifestations in Paraneoplastic Syndromes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"31","author":"Messina","year":"2025","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Falco, D., Messina, S., and Petruzzi, M. (2024). Oral Paraneoplastic Pemphigus: A Scoping Review on Pathogenetic Mechanisms and Histo-Serological Profile. Antibodies, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib13040095"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Falco, D., Iaquinta, F., Pedone, D., Lucchese, A., Di Stasio, D., and Petruzzi, M. (2025). Circulating Antibodies Against DSG1 and DSG3 in Patients with Oral Lichen Planus: A Scoping Review. Antibodies, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib14020051"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Combemale, L., Bohelay, G., Sitbon, I.-Y., Ahouach, B., Alexandre, M., Martin, A., Pascal, F., Soued, I., Doan, S., and Morin, F. (2024). Lichen planus pemphigoides with predominant mucous membrane involvement: A series of 12 patients and a literature review. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1243566"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70103","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70103","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides as an Adverse Reaction to Medication Use: A Retrospective Analysis of Commonly Implicated Medication Triggers Using the FDA Adverse Events Reporting Database","volume":"34","author":"Pathak","year":"2025","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002139","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides Associated With PD-1 and PD-L1 Inhibitors: A Case Series and Review of the Literature","volume":"44","author":"Boyle","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14547","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides induced by anti-PD-1 antibody: A case only involved in oral mucosa with excellent topical treatment efficiency","volume":"51","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2022.11.011","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides successfully treated with dupilumab","volume":"31","author":"Song","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"246","article-title":"Successful Use of Rituximab and Intravenous Gamma Globulin to Treat Checkpoint Inhibitor- Induced Severe Lichen Planus Pemphigoides","volume":"18","author":"Brennan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdcr.2024.08.042","article-title":"Immunotherapy-associated lichen planus pemphigoides successfully treated with intravenous immune globulin\u2014Two illustrative cases","volume":"53","author":"Ney","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAAD Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jds.2024.10.024","article-title":"Pembrolizumab-induced oral lichen planus pemphigoides with mucous membrane pemphigoid preceding lichen planus","volume":"20","author":"Maeda","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002392","article-title":"Lichen Planopilaris Pemphigoides: A Novel Bullous Dermatosis Due to Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 Inhibitor Therapy","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e31094","article-title":"A Generalized Form of Lichen Planus Pemphigoid Induced by an Oral Antidiabetic","volume":"14","author":"Ajaaouani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.14299","article-title":"Lichen-planus-pemphigoides-like reaction to PD-1 checkpoint blockade","volume":"49","author":"Wat","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e144","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001461","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides Mimicking Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis","volume":"41","author":"Ondhia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.12530","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides associated with chronic hepatitis B virus infection","volume":"40","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.13097","article-title":"A case of lichen planus pemphigoides with autoantibodies to the NC 16a and C-terminal domains of BP 180 and to desmoglein-1","volume":"171","author":"Sekiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1159\/000350285","article-title":"A Case of Lichen Planus Pemphigoides Successfully Treated with a Combination of Cyclosporine A and Prednisolone","volume":"5","author":"Washio","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2007.05.011","article-title":"IgG antibodies to BP180 in a subset of oral lichen planus patients","volume":"47","author":"Buijsrogge","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1453","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-4632.2006.02711.x","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides associated with ramipril","volume":"45","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2230.2003.01401.x","article-title":"Lichen planus pemphigoides evolving into pemphigoid nodularis: Clinical variants of pemphigoid","volume":"28","author":"Powell","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1159\/000018257","article-title":"IgG Autoantibodies from a Lichen planus pemphigoides Patient Recognize the NC16A Domain of the Bullous Pemphigoid Antigen 180","volume":"199","author":"Skaria","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.1999.00618.x","article-title":"Autoantibodies in Lichen Planus Pemphigoides React with a Novel Epitope within the C-Terminal NC16A Domain of BP180","volume":"113","author":"Zillikens","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000002675","article-title":"Lichen Planus Pemphigoides Induced by Camrelizumab in Combination With Lenvatinib","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.14480","article-title":"Diagnostic delay in autoimmune oral diseases","volume":"29","author":"Petruzzi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Oral Dis."}],"container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1873-149X\/32\/4\/51\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T14:42:00Z","timestamp":1759156920000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1873-149X\/32\/4\/51"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["pathophysiology32040051"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathophysiology32040051","relation":{},"ISSN":["1873-149X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1873-149X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,28]]}}}