{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T16:00:24Z","timestamp":1785427224134,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP J53D23002200006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J53D23002200006"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["2022K4Y33B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022K4Y33B"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["PE_00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE_00000019"]}]},{"name":"Italian Ministry of University and Research","award":["CUP: D73C22001230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: D73C22001230006"]}]},{"award":["CUP J53D23002200006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J53D23002200006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["2022K4Y33B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022K4Y33B"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["PE_00000019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PE_00000019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["CUP: D73C22001230006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP: D73C22001230006"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0341vw408","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009874","name":"Regione Autonoma Friuli Venezia Giulia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["CUP J93C24002040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J93C24002040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009874","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["CUP J93C24002040002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CUP J93C24002040002"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01tjrd904","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pathophysiology"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease whose hallmarks include chronic inflammation of the airways causing tissue damage with increased levels of alarmins in the respiratory secretions, as well as activation of the coagulation\/fibrinolytic systems that are linked to inflammation. However, no information is available about the fibrinolytic system and how fibrinolysis is involved in airway injury. On the road to understanding this issue, we determined levels of two key markers, High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), an alarmin, and D-dimers, associated with fibrin breakdown and airway inflammation, in the sputum from patients with cystic fibrosis. Methods: Sputum samples were collected from 13 individuals with CF and subjected to two different treatment protocols. In the first protocol, the sample was treated with dithiothreitol (DTT) and then centrifuged in order to collect the supernatant (SED). In the second protocol, the sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was obtained (SE). The pellet obtained was treated with DTT and then centrifuged in order to collect the supernatant (SPE). ELISA assays were performed on all samples. Results: HMGB1 and D-dimer levels were significantly lower in supernatants from sputum centrifuged before DTT treatment (SE) compared to those processed after DTT (SPE and SED). However, no significant difference was observed between SPE and SED samples for both markers. D-dimer levels in SED correlated positively with FEV1 and blood monocyte counts. Conclusions: Direct sputum processing with DTT may be a useful procedure for assessing biomarkers of inflammation and fibrinolysis in CF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pathophysiology33030053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T08:14:27Z","timestamp":1784621667000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Are Sputum High Mobility Group Box 1 and D-Dimer Changes Relevant Markers of Tissue Damage and Fibrinolysis in Cystic Fibrosis?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7246-5622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sante","family":"Di Gioia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8402-3298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annalucia","family":"Carbone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pamela","family":"Vitullo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cystic Fibrosis Support Center, Ospedale \u201cG. Tatarella\u201d, I-71042 Cerignola, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Tierno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Larobina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials, National Research Council of Italy, P.le E. Fermi 1, I-80055 Portici, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9704-6651","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriele","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, Strada di Fiume 447, I-34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-3200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Grassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Trieste, Via Valerio 6\/A, I-34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3465-6641","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Conese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, I-71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00538-6","article-title":"Cystic fibrosis","volume":"10","author":"Mall","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. 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