{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T00:12:17Z","timestamp":1790381537777,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":14,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Juvenile Arthritis Research Fund of Saint Louis","award":["n\/a"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["n\/a"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The 14-3-3\u03b7 (eta) protein was evaluated as a biomarker in a cohort of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA), as well as disease- and healthy-controls, to determine its potential clinical utility. In this case-control study, levels of 14-3-3\u03b7 protein were evaluated in archival specimens from patients with JIA, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), as well as healthy pediatric controls. Just over 200 patients were evaluated, using specimens banked between 1990 and 2011. Comparisons were made to complete blood cell count (CBC), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibodies, and anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) positivity. 14-3-3\u03b7 at levels 0.2 ng\/mL or higher was considered positive. Fisher\u2019s exact tests, odds ratios, 95% confidence intervals, and p-values were reported. 14-3-3\u03b7 positivity was seen in all included JIA subtypes. The rate of positivity was the highest in RF-positive (pos) polyarticular JIA. In the disease and healthy controls, lower rates of positivity were observed. The frequency of 14-3-3\u03b7 positivity among RF-positive and RF-negative (neg) polyarticular JIA patients, especially at values \u22650.5 ng\/mL (associated with poor outcomes in adults), was also highest. Several JIA patients with 14-3-3\u03b7 positivity developed RF and anti-CCP positivity later in their disease. Significant levels of 14-3-3\u03b7 can be found in approximately 30% of RF-pos and RF-neg patients with polyarticular JIA. This protein may represent a new biomarker for polyarticular JIA, particularly RF-neg polyarticular JIA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric13010008","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]],"date-time":"2021-01-25T12:28:31Z","timestamp":1611577711000},"page":"65-71","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["14-3-3\u03b7 Protein as a Potential Biomarker in Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Austin","family":"Dalrymple","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult &amp; Pediatric Rheumatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine &amp; SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children\u2019s Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1571-6584","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paul","family":"Tuttle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult &amp; Pediatric Rheumatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine &amp; SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children\u2019s Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lance","family":"Feller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult &amp; Pediatric Rheumatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine &amp; SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children\u2019s Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olga","family":"Zhukov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Lagier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Popov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stanley","family":"Naides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Quest Diagnostics Nichols Institute, San Juan Capistrano, CA 92675, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terry","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Adult &amp; Pediatric Rheumatology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine &amp; SSM Health Cardinal Glennon Children\u2019s Hospital, Saint Louis, MO 63104, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petty, R.E., Laxer, R.M., Lindsley, C.B., and Wedderburn, L.R. (2016). Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Textbook of Pediatric Rheumatology, Elsevier. [7th ed.].","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24145-8.00015-6"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1007\/s11926-008-0027-4","article-title":"Rheumatoid factors and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in pediatric rheumatology","volume":"10","author":"Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Rheumatol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2007.084855","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of isotypes of anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Syed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"492","article-title":"Measurement of biomarkers in juvenile idiopathic arthritis patients and their predication of disease severity: A comparative study","volume":"26","author":"Gilliam","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-9-8","article-title":"Evidence of fibrinogen as a target of citrullination in IgM rheumatoid factor positive polyarticular juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"9","author":"Gilliam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. Online J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/1546-0096-11-31","article-title":"Evaluation of anti-cyclic citrullinated fibrinogen and anti-citrullinated \u03b1-enolase antibodies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Gilliam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Rheumatol. 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Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"3155","article-title":"Single academic center experience with 14-3-3\u03b7 in the evaluation of inflammatory arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Feller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"2969","article-title":"Examination of the clinical significance of 14-3-3\u03b7 in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"67","author":"Feller","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"3327","article-title":"14-3-3\u03b7 protein in juvenile idiopathic arthritis","volume":"69","author":"Dalrymple","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-0935-z","article-title":"Serum levels of 14-3-3\u03b7 protein supplement C-reactive protein and rheumatoid arthritis-associated antibodies to predict clinical and radiographic outcomes in a prospective cohort of patients with recent-onset inflammatory polyarthritis","volume":"18","author":"Carrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2104","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.131446","article-title":"Serum 14-3-3\u03b7 is a novel marker that complements current serological measurements to enhance detection of patients with rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"41","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/ar4547","article-title":"14-3-3\u03b7 is a novel mediator associated with the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis and joint damage","volume":"16","author":"Maksymowych","year":"2014","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/13\/1\/8\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:15:05Z","timestamp":1760159705000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/13\/1\/8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]},"references-count":14,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3]]}},"alternative-id":["pediatric13010008"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric13010008","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,25]]}}}