{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:28:41Z","timestamp":1790389721467,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Calculous cholecystitis connects to inflammation and various complications. It is a common disease in the paediatric population, yet it is still uncertain how inflammation factors are involved in its morphopathogenesis. Twenty calculous cholecystitis surgery tissue samples were obtained from 20 children. As a control, seven unaffected gallbladders were used. Tissues were immunohistochemically stained for IL-1\u03b1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, and IL-17A, and the slides were inspected by light microscopy. To evaluate statistical differences and correlations between interleukins, Mann\u2013Whitney U and Spearman\u2019s tests were used. Statistically significant difference between patient and control gallbladder epithelium was for IL-1\u03b1 and IL-17A, but connective tissue\u2014IL-1\u03b1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, and IL-17A positive structures. A strong positive correlation in patients was detected between epithelial IL-1\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b1 in connective tissue, epithelial IL-6 and IL-7, IL-6 and IL-17A, IL-7 and IL-10, IL-7 and IL-17A, as well as between IL-6 and IL-7, IL-7 and IL-10 in connective tissue. The increase of IL-1\u03b1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8 and IL-17A positive structures suggests their role in the morphopathogenesis of calculous cholecystitis. The correlations between interleukins in epithelium and in connective tissues prove that the epithelial barrier function and inflammatory response in deeper layers are sustained through intercellular signalling pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric13030054","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]],"date-time":"2021-08-05T09:35:32Z","timestamp":1628156132000},"page":"470-482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gallbladder Interleukins in Children with Calculous Cholecystitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Arina","family":"De\u0146isova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u0101ra","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8749-751X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arnis","family":"E\u0146\u0123elis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aigars","family":"P\u0113tersons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Children Surgery, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2804","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp0800929","article-title":"Acute calculous cholecystitis","volume":"358","author":"Strasberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. 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