{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T10:45:56Z","timestamp":1772793956728,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]],"date-time":"2022-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cleft lip and palate (CLP) is one of the craniofacial defects. The objective of this study was to identify the differences in appearance between the tissue factors in cartilage of CLP patients after primary and secondary rhinoplasty. Immunohistochemistry was performed with MMP-2, MMP-8, MMP-9, TIMP-2, IL-1\u03b1, IL-10, bFGF, and TGF\u03b21. The quantification of the structures was performed using a semi-quantitative census method. MMP-2, -9, IL-1a, and bFGF demonstrated higher number of positive cells in patients, while the number of MMP-8, IL-1a, -10 and TGF\u03b21 cells was higher or equal in the control subjects. The only statistically significant difference between CLP-operated patients was found in the TIMP-2 group, where the primary CLP patient group had a higher number of TIMP-2 positive chondrocytes than the secondary CLP patient group (U = 53.5; p = 0.021). The median value of the primary CLP group was ++ number of TIMP-2 positive chondrocytes compared to +++ in the secondary CLP group. No statistically significant difference was found between primary and secondary rhinoplasty patients for other tissue factors. Commonly, the rich expression of different tissue factors suggests a stimulation of higher elasticity in cleft affected cartilage. The statistically significant TIMP-2 elevation in primary operated cartilage indicates an impact of the selective tissue remodeling for hard tissue.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric14040050","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T01:21:07Z","timestamp":1665364867000},"page":"419-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Evaluation of the Multiple Tissue Factors in the Cartilage of Primary and Secondary Rhinoplasty in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Dace","family":"Buile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 9 Kronvalda Str., LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Morphology, Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 9 Kronvalda Str., LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ilze","family":"Akota","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, Institute of Stomatology, Riga Stradi\u0146\u0161 University, 20 Dzirciema Str., LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1097\/SCS.0b013e3181b0daa3","article-title":"Cleft lip and palate: Current status from the literature and our experience","volume":"20","author":"Manna","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. 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