{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,15]],"date-time":"2026-08-15T00:22:38Z","timestamp":1786753358081,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]],"date-time":"2023-12-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) affects neurobehavioral, cognitive, and cardiovascular aspects, particularly in children, by obstructing the upper airways during sleep. While its impact in adult ocular health is recognized, there is ongoing debate about OSA\u2019s relevance in pediatrics. This review explores the relationship between OSA and ocular health in children, focusing on the effects and potential improvements through treatment. A systematic search found 287 articles through PubMeD\/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect; 94.4% were excluded. After careful selection, six English articles were included, addressing the effects of OSA on children\u2019s eyes. Three studies examined choroidal alterations, three explored retinal and optic nerve changes, and two analyzed ocular changes following otorhinolaryngological intervention. The immediate correlation in children is inconclusive, but age may be a contributing factor. Pediatric OSA patients exhibit corneal anomalies and increased optic nerve thickness, possibly due to intermittent hypoxia. OSA influences retinal vascular density in children, with increased density after treatment and reduced choroidal thickness in cases of adenotonsillar hypertrophy. This review emphasized OSA\u2019s significant impact on children\u2019s ocular health, revealing alterations in the optic nerve, choroid, retina, and cornea. While the direct correlation with the optic nerve is not always evident, OSA raises intraocular pressure and induces structural changes. Treatment holds promise, highlighting the need for regular monitoring to promptly address childhood OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric15040066","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,18]],"date-time":"2023-12-18T12:57:56Z","timestamp":1702904276000},"page":"741-749","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pediatric Ocular Health and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8659-5505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Zaffanello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erika","family":"Bonacci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Engineering for Innovation Medicine, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Piacentini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5453-724X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luana","family":"Nosetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Sleep Disorders Center, Department of Pediatrics, F. Del Ponte Hospital, Insubria University, 21100 Varese, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9535-1131","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Pedrotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ophthalmology Clinic, Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Paediatrics and Gynaecology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1387","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.14-0970","article-title":"International classification of sleep disorders-third edition: Highlights and modifications","volume":"146","author":"Sateia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.3345\/kjp.2010.53.10.863","article-title":"Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome in children: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and sequelae","volume":"53","author":"Chang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Korean J. 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