{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:16:34Z","timestamp":1760145394699,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Labial adhesions, a frequent gynecological condition in prepubertal girls, occur when the labia minora adhere along the midline. The prevailing hypothesis about their etiology suggests that labial adhesion may occur when the delicate and non-estrogenized labia minora undergo an inflammatory response, triggered by exposure to an irritant environment. Therefore, conservative treatment involves the application of topical estrogen or betamethasone cream. The role of androgens has not been considered yet in the pathophysiology or therapy of this condition. However, some studies have shown that androgen receptors are prevalent in the labia minora and vulvar vestibule. Case summary: We present the case of a 29-month-old girl with symptomatic labial adhesions. She was first ineffectively treated with topical estriol, and then she was treated with a galenic cream containing both estriol and testosterone with complete recovery and without side-effects. Conclusions: Both androgens and estrogens play a significant role in maintaining the physiological trophic state of the vulva and vagina, even during childhood. Topical estriol+testosterone could be considered an alternative treatment for prepubertal labial adhesions refractory to standard topical therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric16030047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T16:23:41Z","timestamp":1720801421000},"page":"558-565","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Treatment of Prepubertal Labial Adhesions with Topical Estriol + Testosterone: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Filippo","family":"Murina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9612-5646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cecilia","family":"Fochesato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lower Genital Tract Disease Unit, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1476-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria Maria","family":"Savasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Woman Mother and Neonate, V. Buzzi Hospital, University of the Study of Milan, 20124 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1016\/S1701-2163(16)34304-3","article-title":"Pediatric Vulvovaginal Disorders: A Diagnostic Approach and Review of the Literature","volume":"31","author":"Allen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.4103\/0189-6725.181622","article-title":"Labial adhesion in children at the Jos University Teaching Hospital","volume":"13","author":"Samuels","year":"2016","journal-title":"Afr. J. Paediatr. 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