{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:27:13Z","timestamp":1760146033135,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European Union-NextGenerationEU through the National Recovery and Resilience Plan of the Republic of Bulgaria","award":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BG-RRP-2.004-0008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A hydropneumothorax is an uncommon complication of pneumonia, particularly in pediatric patients, and typically arises secondary to conditions such as malignancies, esophageal-pleural fistula, thoracic trauma, or thoracocentesis. While pneumothorax is rarely reported in adults with COVID-19 and is even less common in children, isolated cases have been noted in those with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C). A recent alert has also been issued about increased Group A Streptococcus (GAS) infections in Europe. Against this background, the primary aim of this case report is to describe a rare and severe complication of pneumonia in a previously healthy child with MIS-C and a positive throat culture for GAS.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric16040071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T08:09:52Z","timestamp":1727683792000},"page":"833-843","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Complicated Pneumonia in a Child: Hydropneumothorax Associated with MIS-C and GAS Superinfection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5884-7760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Snezhina","family":"Lazova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital \u201cN. I. Pirogov\u201d, 21 \u201cGeneral Eduard I. Totleben\u201d Blvd., 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Healthcare, Faculty of Public Health \u201cProf. Tsekomir Vodenicharov, MD, DSc\u201d, Medical University of Sofia, Bialo more 8 Str., 1527 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2961-7974","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nadzhie","family":"Gorelyova-Stefanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital \u201cN. I. Pirogov\u201d, 21 \u201cGeneral Eduard I. Totleben\u201d Blvd., 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoanna","family":"Slabakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Specialized Hospital for Active Treatment of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases \u201cProf. Ivan Kirov\u201d, Bulgaria Blvd. \u201cAkademik Ivan Evstratiev Geshov\u201d 17, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9777-5942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iren","family":"Tzotcheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Clinic, University Hospital \u201cN. I. Pirogov\u201d, 21 \u201cGeneral Eduard I. Totleben\u201d Blvd., 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2016-8591","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Ilieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic Imaging, University Emergency Hospital (UMHATEM) \u201cN. I. Pirogov\u201d, Bul. \u201cGeneral Eduard I. Totleben\u201d 21, 1606 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5931-2426","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrina","family":"Miteva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 8 Dragan Tzankov Str., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0593-1272","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tsvetelina","family":"Velikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Faculty, Sofia University St. Kliment Ohridski, 1 Kozyak Str., 1407 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01318-17","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01318-17","article-title":"Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Children: The Challenges of Microbiological Diagnosis","volume":"56","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. 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