{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T04:31:13Z","timestamp":1787632273918,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Wernicke Encephalopathy (WE), a neurological disorder often linked to alcohol use, can also occur under non-alcoholic conditions, including in pediatric populations. Methods: This systematic review examines 88 pediatric WE cases reported over the past 30 years, encompassing diverse etiologies such as cancer (25 cases), gastrointestinal diseases (19), malnutrition (17), psychiatric disorders (13), obesity surgery (5), renal disease (4), COVID-19 (2), PICU complications (1), hyperemesis gravidarum (1), and a genetic mutation (1). Results: Prodromal symptoms included nausea (60%) and vomiting (55%). In total, 37% of the patients received parenteral nutrition without thiamine before WE diagnosis, often progressing to Wernicke\u2013Korsakoff syndrome (WKS). Key findings revealed the classic triad of WKS, eye movement disorders (80%), mental status changes (75%), and ataxia (63%), with MRI demonstrating high diagnostic sensitivity (85%). Treatment varied widely; higher parenteral thiamine doses correlated with faster recovery and better outcomes, while insufficient dosages led to adverse effects. Full remission was achieved in 61% of cases, with improved outcomes in more recent reports due to refined dosing protocols. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of early recognition of nausea and vomiting as predictors of pediatric WE and the critical need to incorporate thiamine in parenteral nutrition for children. Optimal dosing remains vital for recovery, particularly in severe cases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17010015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T04:01:39Z","timestamp":1738209699000},"page":"15","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Pediatric Wernicke Encephalopathy: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4441-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Oudman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6328-4299","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan W.","family":"Wijnia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janice R.","family":"Bidesie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5427-6454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirjam J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misha J.","family":"Oey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sterre","family":"Smits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maaike","family":"van Dorp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Albert","family":"Postma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Slingedael Korsakoff Center, Lelie Care Group, 3086 EZ Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm149","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: \u2018Plus ca change, plus c\u2019est la meme chose\u2019","volume":"43","author":"Thomson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)91272-5","article-title":"Cerebral beriberi (Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy); review of 52 cases in a Singapore prisoner-of-war hospital","volume":"1","author":"DeWardener","year":"1947","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psym.2012.04.008","article-title":"Wernicke-Korsakoff -syndrome: Under-recognized and under-treated","volume":"53","author":"Kutner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70104-7","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy: New clinical settings and recent advances in diagnosis and management","volume":"6","author":"Sechi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agm144","article-title":"Wernicke\u2019s encephalopathy revisited. 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