{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T22:40:56Z","timestamp":1793140856772,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":211,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740441600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antisocial Personality Disorder (ASPD) is a complex and often debilitating condition that can emerge from early behavioral disturbances in childhood and adolescence. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of ASPD in pediatric and adolescent populations, examining key diagnostic challenges, developmental trajectories, and emerging treatment approaches. Recent research underscores the critical role of the early identification of conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) as precursors to ASPD. Specific attention is given to biological, environmental, and psychosocial risk factors, including genetic predispositions, family dynamics, and socio-economic adversity. Additionally, neuro-psychological research highlights deficits in executive function, emotion regulation, and social cognition, which may underline the persistent antisocial patterns. Neuroimaging studies suggest atypical neural activity in regions associated with empathy, reward processing, and impulse control. Effective intervention remains a challenge, as treatment options are limited and often complicated by co-occurring conditions, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and mood disorders. Promising evidence supports the efficacy of integrative, multimodal approaches combining behavioral therapy, family interventions, and pharmacotherapy to reduce symptom severity and improve long-term outcomes. The review concludes by advocating for a public health approach that emphasizes prevention and early intervention, aiming to mitigate the progression to full ASPD in adulthood.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17020026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]],"date-time":"2025-02-25T03:40:12Z","timestamp":1740454812000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Why Do They Do It? The Psychology Behind Antisocial Behavior in Children and Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3007-8162","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianna","family":"Mazza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3314-142X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco Maria","family":"Lisci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7959-8419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ester Maria","family":"Marzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valeria","family":"De Masi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Abate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Marano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Psychiatry, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Largo Agostino Gemelli 8, 00168 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Fisher, K.A., Torrico, T.J., and Hany, M. (2025). Antisocial Personality Disorder, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-024-01233-6","article-title":"Adolescents with Elevated Psychopathic Traits are Associated with an Increased Risk for Premature Mortality","volume":"53","author":"Maurer","year":"2025","journal-title":"Res. Child Adolesc. 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