{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T10:37:24Z","timestamp":1792665444205,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]],"date-time":"2025-04-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745971200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The aim of this retrospective study was to investigate the supernumerary teeth located in the anterior region of the maxilla of non-syndromic Greek children and adolescents, as well as their possible correlation with demographic characteristics and radiographic findings. Methods: The study sample comprised cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans from 224 children and adolescents aged up to 18 years. The following parameters were studied: location of supernumerary teeth in the anterior maxillary area, their morphology, their relationship to adjacent anatomical structures and adjacent teeth, and potential implications. Results: Out of the 224 cases 26 (11.6%) presented supernumerary teeth. There was higher prevalence in males than females (61.5% versus 38.5%, respectively). Among the 26 participants diagnosed with supernumerary teeth, one supernumerary tooth was found in 80.8% of children\/adolescents, while 19.2% had two supernumerary teeth. The vast majority of supernumerary teeth were impacted (92.3%), and their morphology in 57.7% of cases was conical. A total of 38.5% of cases had normal orientation, 26.9% inverted orientation, 19.2% horizontal orientation, and 15.4% other. The localization was palatal in 84.6%, and the area of localization for 50% of cases was the midline. Conclusions: The prevalence of supernumerary teeth in the studied sample of Greek children and adolescents was 11.6% and tended to appear as single, impacted, conical, and with normal orientation. However, these results should be interpreted with caution, due to the limitations in the sampling strategy and the restricted generalizability of this study. The need for further research to enhance broader applicability for different populations is highlighted. These findings are instrumental for a more comprehensive understanding of the prevalence of supernumerary teeth, contributing to more accurate and individualized dental treatment planning in children and adolescents. This will help to avoid future issues in the patient\u2019s dentition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17030052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T03:50:43Z","timestamp":1746071443000},"page":"52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Supernumerary Teeth in the Anterior Maxilla of Non-Syndromic Children and Adolescents: A Retrospective Study Based on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Antonis","family":"Lykousis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6979-4097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ioanna","family":"Pouliezou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Methodology Unit, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3530-2639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Christoloukas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0218-2963","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aliki","family":"Rontogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dental Technology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2833-681X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anastasia","family":"Mitsea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Angelopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 2 Thivon Str., 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.1997.tb00114.x","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth: A Review of the Literature and Four Case Reports","volume":"42","author":"Scheiner","year":"1997","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Determination of the Optimum Time for Surgical Removal of Unerupted Anterior Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"32","author":"Omer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"612","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth\u2014An Overview of Classification, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"65","author":"Gravey","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hua, W., Gan, Z., Wu, Y., and Zhao, L. (2022). Identification of a Novel Missense Mutation in Non-Syndromic Familial Multiple Supernumerary Teeth. Arch. Oral Biol., 143.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2022.105542"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2008.07.012","article-title":"Hypohyperdontia: Literature Review and Report of Seven Cases","volume":"106","author":"Anthonappa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"437","article-title":"Main Genetic Entities Associated with Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"116","author":"Callea","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Argent. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-263X.2007.00862.x","article-title":"A Survey of 460 Supernumerary Teeth in Brazilian Children and Adolescents","volume":"18","author":"Drummond","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.a.37763","article-title":"Syndromes with Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"170","author":"Lubinsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part A"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"385","article-title":"Development Course of Supernumerary Premolars in Childhood: Report of Two Cases","volume":"48","author":"Ranta","year":"1981","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20715","article-title":"Molecular Genetics of Supernumerary Tooth Formation","volume":"49","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"262","article-title":"Characteristics of Premaxillary Supernumerary Teeth: A Survey of 112 Cases","volume":"62","author":"Liu","year":"1995","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"406","article-title":"Frequency of Supernumerary Teeth in Mexican Population","volume":"9","year":"2004","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"E134","article-title":"An Observational Study of the Frequency of Supernumerary Teeth in a Population of 2000 Patients","volume":"12","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.50.287","article-title":"Mesiodens: A Radiographic Study in Children","volume":"50","author":"Celenk","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"27","article-title":"Prevalence of Congenital Dental Anomalies of the Deciduous Dentition in Japanese Children","volume":"38","author":"Yonezu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Bull. Tokyo Dent. Coll."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joms.2018.12.014","article-title":"Unusual Supernumerary Teeth and Treatment Outcomes Analyzed for Developing Improved Diagnosis and Management Plans","volume":"77","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Oral Maxillofac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"e414","article-title":"Prevalence, Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Complications of Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"6","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12160","article-title":"The Dentition: The Outcomes of Morphogenesis Leading to Variations of Tooth Number, Size and Shape","volume":"59","author":"Brook","year":"2014","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-263X.2002.00366.x","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth: Review of the Literature and a Survey of 152 Cases","volume":"12","author":"Rajab","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"339","article-title":"Retrospective Study of 145 Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"11","year":"2006","journal-title":"E340 Med. Oral Patol. Oral Cir. Bucal"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-42.1.10","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth in the Maxillary Anterior Region: The Dilemma of Early Versus Late Surgical Intervention","volume":"42","author":"Sarne","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/19442214","article-title":"Diagnostic Tools Used to Predict the Prevalence of Supernumerary Teeth: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"41","author":"Anthonappa","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"304","article-title":"Effectiveness of Impacted and Supernumerary Tooth Diagnosis from Traditional Radiography Versus Cone Beam Computed Tomography","volume":"32","author":"Katheria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-22-585","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial: Evaluation of Efficiency and Safety of a Novel Surgical Guide in the Extraction of Deeply Impacted Supernumerary Teeth in the Anterior Maxilla","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.4103\/1119-3077.154213","article-title":"Analyses of 1100 Supernumerary Teeth in a Nonsyndromic Turkish Population: A Retrospective Multicenter Study","volume":"18","author":"Bereket","year":"2015","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0040297","article-title":"Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE): Explanation and Elaboration","volume":"4","author":"Vandenbroucke","year":"2007","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"ref_27","first-page":"857147","article-title":"Nonsyndromic Bilateral Multiple Impacted Supernumerary Mandibular Third Molars: A Rare and Unusual Case Report","volume":"2013","author":"Reddy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Case Rep. Dent."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013200029","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-200029","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth in Primary Dentition","volume":"2013","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2007.10.055","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth in a Turkish Population","volume":"136","author":"Esenlik","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofac. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2013009995","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2013-009995","article-title":"Surgical Management of Multiple Supernumerary Teeth and an Impacted Maxillary Permanent Central Incisor","volume":"2013","author":"Rallan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.2334\/josnusd.56.295","article-title":"A Comprehensive Review of the Literature and Data Analysis on Hypo-Hyperdontia","volume":"56","author":"Mallineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.3109\/00016357.2011.600710","article-title":"Concomitant Hypodontia and Hyperodontia: An Analysis of Nine Patients","volume":"70","author":"Zadurska","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Odontol. Scand."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"26","article-title":"Mandibular Mesiodens with Agenesis of Central Incisors (Hypohyperdontia): A Case Report & Review","volume":"2","author":"Venkataraghavan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Contemp. Dent."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tunis, T.S., Sarne, O., Hershkovitz, I., Finkelstein, T., Pavlidi, A.M., Shapira, Y., Davidovitch, M., and Shpack, N. (2021). Dental Anomalies\u2019 Characteristics. Diagnostics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11071161"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"764050","article-title":"Supernumerary Teeth: Review of the Literature with Recent Updates","volume":"2014","author":"Mallineni","year":"2014","journal-title":"Conf. Pap. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adaj.2017.05.017","article-title":"Association between Maxillary Anterior Supernumerary Teeth and Impacted Incisors in Mixed Dentition","volume":"148","author":"He","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2041-1626.2012.00118.x","article-title":"Characteristics of Premaxillary Supernumerary Teeth in Primary and Mixed Dentitions: A Retrospective Analysis of 212 Cases","volume":"3","author":"Shekhar","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Clin. Dent."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/ipd.12317","article-title":"Effects of Mesiodens on Adjacent Permanent Teeth: A Retrospective Study in Korean Children Based on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"58","article-title":"Mesiodens: A Clinical and Radiographic Study","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr\/68039278","article-title":"Radiographic Examination of Mesiodens and Their Associated Complications","volume":"33","author":"Asaumi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofacial Radiol."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"43","article-title":"Non-Syndrome Multiple Supernumerary Teeth in Nigerians","volume":"25","author":"Umweni","year":"2002","journal-title":"Odontostomatol. Trop."},{"key":"ref_42","first-page":"1","article-title":"Location, Complications and Treatment of Mesiodentes\u2014A Retrospective Study in Children","volume":"29","author":"Tyrologou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Swed. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.79928","article-title":"Mesiodens: A Clinical and Radiographic Study in Children","volume":"29","author":"Mukhopadhyay","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"362","article-title":"Mesiodens--Diagnosis and Management of a Common Supernumerary Tooth","volume":"69","author":"Russell","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Can. Dent. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.127041","article-title":"Prevalence and Characteristics of Supernumerary Teeth in a Non-Syndromic South Indian Pediatric Population","volume":"32","author":"Anegundi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.33.3.0j1227k74883531n","article-title":"Characteristics, Clinical Features and Treatment of Supernumerary Teeth","volume":"33","author":"Yassin","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-4388.86369","article-title":"Prevalence of Mesiodens among Six- to Seventeen-Year-Old School Going Children of Indore","volume":"29","author":"Khandelwal","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Indian Soc. Pedod. Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"80","article-title":"Prevalence of Hypodontia and Hyperdontia in Paedodontic and Orthodontic Patients in Budapest","volume":"23","year":"2006","journal-title":"Community Dent. Health"},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"37","article-title":"Dental Anomalies of Number, Form and Size: Their Prevalence in British Schoolchildren","volume":"5","author":"Brook","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Int. Assoc. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"233","article-title":"Multidisciplinary Evaluation and Clinical Management of Mesiodens","volume":"26","author":"Giancotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.1987.tb00524.x","article-title":"Hypodontia and Hyperdontia of Permanent Teeth in Hong Kong Schoolchildren","volume":"15","author":"Davis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1697452","article-title":"Impacted Mandibular Permanent Incisors Associated With a Supernumerary Tooth: A Case Report","volume":"03","author":"Ozan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1111\/odi.13628","article-title":"Epidemiological, Clinical, Radiographic Characterization of Non-Syndromic Supernumerary Teeth in Chinese Children and Adolescents","volume":"27","author":"Ma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oral Dis."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"289","article-title":"Unerupted Maxillary Anterior Supernumerary Teeth: Report of 204 Cases","volume":"51","author":"Tay","year":"1984","journal-title":"ASDC J. Dent. Child."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"89","article-title":"Eruption of Supernumerary Permanent Teeth in a Sample of Urban Primary School Population in Genoa, Italy","volume":"7","author":"Alberti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmg.2007.12.006","article-title":"Mesiodens","volume":"51","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2005.09.032","article-title":"Postoperative Prognosis of Unerupted Teeth after Removal of Supernumerary Teeth or Odontomas","volume":"131","author":"Ashkenazi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthod. Dentofacial Orthop."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.5933\/JKAPD.2013.40.3.149","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Impacted Mesiodens Using Dental Cone-Beam Computed Tomography in Korean Children and Adolescents","volume":"40","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Korean Acad. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2006.03.026","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluations of Supernumerary Teeth Using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography for 487 Cases","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oral Surg. Oral Med. Oral Pathol. Oral Radiol. Endod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1698906","article-title":"The Frequency and Characteristics of Mesiodens in a Turkish Patient Population","volume":"5","author":"Celikoglu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.5125\/jkaoms.2015.41.2.109","article-title":"Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Impacted Mesiodens Using Dental Cone Beam CT","volume":"40","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Korean J. Oral Maxillofac. Radiol."}],"container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/17\/3\/52\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:24:38Z","timestamp":1760030678000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/17\/3\/52"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["pediatric17030052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric17030052","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,30]]}}}