{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,4]],"date-time":"2026-10-04T03:11:10Z","timestamp":1791083470769,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Suicide is a leading cause of death among children and adolescents worldwide. This study examined the prevalence and characteristics of suicides among children and adolescents (aged \u2264 19 years) over a 13-year period in the broader area of Athens, Greece. Key aspects analyzed included victim demographics, circumstances surrounding the incidents, and methods employed. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on autopsy cases performed at the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, from 1 January 2011, to 31 December 2023. Results: Out of 5819 autopsies conducted between 2011 and 2023, 371 were classified as suicides. Among these, 12 cases (representing 3.2% of suicides) involved children and adolescents aged \u2264 19 years and met the study\u2019s inclusion criteria for detailed forensic analysis. The average age of the victims was 17.7 \u00b1 2.1 years (range: 14\u201319), with males representing 58.3% of cases. Hanging was the most common method of suicide (9 cases, 75.0%), followed by firearm use, falls from height, and hydrogen sulfide inhalation (one case each). Death occurred in the home in 10 cases (83.3%), with 6 specifically taking place in the bedroom. Scars indicative of prior self-harming behavior were present in two cases (16.7%), while suicide notes were found in three cases (25.0%). Toxicological analysis revealed alcohol and cannabis use in one case, cannabis alone in one case, and alcohol alone in two cases. Four victims (33.3%) had a documented psychiatric diagnosis, with two of them under antidepressant treatment at the time of death. Conclusions: This study highlights the forensic value of autopsy-based investigations in unveiling hidden patterns of adolescent suicidality and informs targeted prevention strategies. Integrating medico-legal findings into public health responses may enhance early identification and intervention in vulnerable youth populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric17040072","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T07:42:06Z","timestamp":1751355726000},"page":"72","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Child and Adolescent Suicide in the Broader Area of Athens, Greece: A 13-Year Retrospective Forensic Case-Series Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Kallirroi","family":"Fragkou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Alexandri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Dimitriou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7652-6592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Athina","family":"Tatsioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit for General Medicine and Primary Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1001-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flora","family":"Bacopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair in Adolescence Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children\u2019s Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8531-5623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Ferentinos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Affective Disorders and Suicide Unit, 2nd Department of Psychiatry, \u201cAttikon\u201d University General Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7390-8947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurent","family":"Martrille","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Legal Medicine CHU Montpellier, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Papadodima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 07). Suicide. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/suicide."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2025, June 07). Suicide Data and Statistics, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/suicide\/facts\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"National Institute of Mental Health (2025, June 07). Suicide, Available online: https:\/\/www.nimh.nih.gov\/health\/statistics\/suicide."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2025, June 07). Adolescent Mental Health. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/adolescent-mental-health."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"UNICEF (2021). Child and Adolescent Mental Health. The State of Children in the European Union 2021: On My Mind, UNICEF. Available online: https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/eu\/media\/2576\/file\/Child%20and%20adolescent%20mental%20health%20policy%20brief.pdf."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Statista Research Department (2025, February 23). Teenage Suicides in Europe 2015\u20132017. Statista, 30 November 2023. Available online: https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/1230916\/teenage-suicides-in-europe\/."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2024). Global Health Estimates 2021: Deaths by Cause, Age, Sex, by Country and by Region, 2000\u20132021, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/data\/gho\/data\/themes\/mortality-and-global-health-estimates\/ghe-leading-causes-of-death."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdt115","article-title":"External-Cause Mortality among Adolescents and Young Adults in Greece over the Millennium\u2019s First Decade 2000\u201309","volume":"37","author":"Bacopoulou","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_9","unstructured":"Eurostat (2025, February 23). Deaths by Suicide Down by Almost 14% in a Decade. Eurostat, 8 September 2023. Available online: https:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/web\/products-eurostat-news\/w\/edn-20230908-3."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-023-00781-z","article-title":"Unveiling the Silent Crisis: Global Burden of Suicide-Related Deaths among Children Aged 10\u201314 Years","volume":"20","author":"Michalek","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-009-9105-9","article-title":"Children, Adolescents and Young Adults Suicide Data from Epirus, Northwestern Greece","volume":"5","author":"Vougiouklakis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2441499","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.41499","article-title":"Social Media and Suicide Risk in Youth","volume":"7","author":"Jaycox","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1111\/1556-4029.14498","article-title":"Self-Immolation Suicide in Greece: A Forensic Psychiatric Autopsy Study between 2011 and 2019","volume":"65","author":"Papadodima","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000150","article-title":"Differences between Suicide Victims Who Leave Notes and Those Who Do Not: A 2-Year Study in Greece","volume":"33","author":"Paraschakis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crisis"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2020.110365","article-title":"Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on Characteristics of Autopsy Cases in Greece: Comparison between 2019 and 2020","volume":"313","author":"Sakelliadis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alexandri, M., Tsellou, M., Kapsali, A., Ferentinos, P., Tatsioni, A., Dona, A., Papoutsis, I., Bacopoulou, F., and Papadodima, S.A. (2024). Forensic Investigation of Complex and Complicated Suicides in Attica, Greece: A 12-Year Retrospective Study. Forensic Sci. Med. Pathol., in press.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-024-00842-3"},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"(2025, February 23). Hellenic Statistical Authority ELSTAT. Available online: https:\/\/www.statistics.gr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/13811118.2014.996694","article-title":"Suicide in Children: A Systematic Review","volume":"19","author":"Soole","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Suicide Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/01.paf.0000188169.41158.58","article-title":"Suicide in Children and Adolescents: A 10-Year Retrospective Review","volume":"26","author":"Shaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Forensic Med. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2619","article-title":"Mind the Past: A Systematic Review on Psychological Autopsy","volume":"41","author":"Pacchioni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. Law"},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics (2025, February 23). Deaths: Leading Causes for 2018 (National Vital Statistics Reports, Vol. 69, No. 11), Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/data\/nvsr\/nvsr69\/NVSR-69-11-508.pdf."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2024). Mental Health Challenges in Children and Adolescents: Barriers to Diagnosis and Treatment. Prev. Chronic Dis., 21, E126. Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/pcd\/issues\/2024\/24_0126.htm."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2023.10.017","article-title":"Risk and Protective Factors for Self-Harm in Adolescents and Young Adults: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Reviews","volume":"168","author":"McEvoy","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmedr.2022.101944","article-title":"Do Associations between Suicide Ideation and Its Correlates (Substance Use, Anxiety, and Depression) Differ According to Victimization Type among Youth? A SMART Platform Study","volume":"29","author":"Hammami","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)00579-1","article-title":"Our Future: A Lancet Commission on Adolescent Health and Wellbeing","volume":"387","author":"Patton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-011-0232-y","article-title":"Methods of Suicide Used by Children and Adolescents","volume":"21","author":"Hepp","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-016-0865-y","article-title":"Suicide Methods in Children and Adolescents","volume":"26","author":"Kolves","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2012.02230.x","article-title":"Observed Characteristics of Suicidal Hangings: An 11-Year Retrospective Review","volume":"57","author":"Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Forensic Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.076349","article-title":"Factors Influencing the Decision to Use Hanging as a Method of Suicide: Qualitative Study","volume":"197","author":"Biddle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e244427","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.4427","article-title":"Trends in Adolescent Suicide by Method in the US, 1999\u20132020","volume":"7","author":"Ormiston","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00104619","DOI":"10.1590\/0102-311x00104619","article-title":"A 10-Year Ecological Study of the Methods of Suicide Used by Brazilian Adolescents","volume":"36","author":"Mari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cad. Sa\u00fade P\u00fablica"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11020284","article-title":"Internet Searches for a Specific Suicide Method Follow Its High-Profile Media Coverage","volume":"168","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1060-5","article-title":"Mental Disorders and the Risk for the Subsequent First Suicide Attempt: Results of a Community Study on Adolescents and Young Adults","volume":"27","author":"Miche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20160436","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2016-0436","article-title":"Suicide in Elementary School-Aged Children and Early Adolescents","volume":"138","author":"Sheftall","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199305000-00006","article-title":"Psychiatric Risk Factors for Adolescent Suicide: A Case-Control Study","volume":"32","author":"Brent","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2423996","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.23996","article-title":"Youth Suicide and Preceding Mental Health Diagnosis","volume":"7","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2023064800","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2023-064800","article-title":"Suicide and Suicide Risk in Adolescents","volume":"153","author":"Hua","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-019-01469-4","article-title":"Why Do Children and Adolescents (Not) Seek and Access Professional Help for Their Mental Health Problems? A Systematic Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies","volume":"30","author":"Radez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","unstructured":"Patra, K.P., and Kumar, R. (2025, February 23). Screening for Depression and Suicide in Children, StatPearls [Internet], Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK574543\/."},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2025, February 23). Suicide Prevention. Preventing Suicide, Available online: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/suicide\/prevention\/index.html."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-023-00544-7","article-title":"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Suicidality in Autistic and Possibly Autistic People without Co-Occurring Intellectual Disability","volume":"14","author":"Newell","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mej\u00edas-Mart\u00edn, Y., Mart\u00ed-Garc\u00eda, C., Rodr\u00edguez-Mej\u00edas, Y., Esteban-Burgos, A.A., Cruz-Garc\u00eda, V., and Garc\u00eda-Caro, M.P. (2023). Understanding for Prevention: Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Suicide Notes and Forensic Reports. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032281"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/1359104513504312","article-title":"Characteristics of Suicide Notes of Children and Young Adolescents: An Examination of the Notes from Suicide Victims 15 Years and Younger","volume":"20","author":"Freuchen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2115683","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.15683","article-title":"Characteristics and Precipitating Circumstances of Suicide Among Children Aged 5 to 11 Years in the United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"4","author":"Ruch","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilsen, J. (2018). Suicide and Youth: Risk Factors. Front. Psychiatry, 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00540"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harris, L.M., Huang, X., Funsch, K.M., Fox, K.R., and Ribeiro, J.D. (2022). Efficacy of Interventions for Suicide and Self-Injury in Children and Adolescents: A Meta-Analysis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16567-8"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2019). World Health Statistics 2019: Monitoring Health for the SDGs, Sustainable Development Goals, World Health Organization. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail-redirect\/world-health-statistics-2019-monitoring-health-for-the-sdgs-sustainable-development-goals."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1066","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1993.02160340052013","article-title":"Firearms and Adolescent Suicide: A Community Case-Control Study","volume":"147","author":"Brent","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.33","article-title":"Children and Young People Who Die by Suicide: Childhood-Related Antecedents, Gender Differences and Service Contact","volume":"6","author":"Rodway","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2006.01615.x","article-title":"Adolescent Suicide and Suicidal Behavior","volume":"47","author":"Bridge","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1007\/s00038-018-1196-1","article-title":"Gender Differences in Suicidal Behavior in Adolescents and Young Adults: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies","volume":"64","author":"Alayo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1930","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2024.2392504","article-title":"Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors Among US Adolescents: The Cumulative Effects of Polysubstance Use Behaviors","volume":"59","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Subst. Use Misuse"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"11782218231216233","article-title":"The Role of Substance Use Disorders on Suicidal Ideation, Planning, and Attempts: A Nationally Representative Study of Adolescents and Adults in the United States, 2020","volume":"17","author":"Jones","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"2928","article-title":"The Associations of Self-Reported Alcohol Use and Selected Indicators of Suicidality among High School Students: Findings from the 2005 Youth Risk Behavior Survey","volume":"32","author":"Swahn","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2018.4500","article-title":"Association of Cannabis Use in Adolescence and Risk of Depression, Anxiety, and Suicidality in Young Adulthood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"76","author":"Gobbi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.297.15.1683","article-title":"Clinical Response and Risk for Reported Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts in Pediatric Antidepressant Treatment: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"297","author":"Bridge","year":"2007","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ii22","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.013557","article-title":"Race\/Ethnicity, Substance Abuse, and Mental Illness among Suicide Victims in 13 US States: 2004 Data from the National Violent Death Reporting System","volume":"12","author":"Karch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Inj. Prev."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2019.02.006","article-title":"Alcohol and Marijuana Use as Daily Predictors of Suicide Ideation and Attempts among Adolescents Prior to Psychiatric Hospitalization","volume":"273","author":"Sellers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mu\u0219at, M.I., Militaru, F., Gheorman, V., Udri\u0219toiu, I., Mitran, S.I., and C\u0103t\u0103lin, B. (2024). Moderate Alcohol Consumption Increases the Risk of Clinical Relapse in Male Depressed Patients Treated with Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors. Diagnostics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14111140"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2710.2003.00459.x","article-title":"Toxicological Interactions Involving Psychiatric Drugs and Alcohol: An Update","volume":"28","author":"Tanaka","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_61","unstructured":"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) (2025, March 10). Suicide Prevention and Firearm Safety. Available online: https:\/\/www.aacap.org."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2013.01.033","article-title":"Social Support as a Protective Factor in Suicide: Findings from Two Nationally Representative Samples","volume":"150","author":"Kleiman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_63","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2025, March 10). Screening for Anxiety in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Available online: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/screening-anxiety-children-adolescents."},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2025, March 10). Screening for Depression and Suicide Risk in Children and Adolescents: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Available online: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/screening-depression-suicide-risk-children-adolescents."},{"key":"ref_65","unstructured":"U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2025, March 10). Screening for Intimate Partner Violence, Elder Abuse, and Abuse of Vulnerable Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Available online: https:\/\/www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org\/uspstf\/recommendation\/intimate-partner-violence-and-abuse-of-elderly-and-vulnerable-adults-screening."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2019.105855","article-title":"Use of Lethal Means Restriction Counseling for Suicide Prevention in Pediatric Primary Care","volume":"130","author":"Bandealy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ypmed.2017.11.004","article-title":"School-Based Mental Health Services, Suicide Risk and Substance Use among At-Risk Adolescents in Oregon","volume":"106","author":"Paschall","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13034-024-00754-8","article-title":"Social Media Threats and Health among Adolescents: Evidence from the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children Study","volume":"18","author":"Lahti","year":"2024","journal-title":"Child Adolesc. Psychiatry Ment. Health"}],"container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/17\/4\/72\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:02:20Z","timestamp":1760032940000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2036-7503\/17\/4\/72"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["pediatric17040072"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pediatric17040072","relation":{},"ISSN":["2036-7503"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2036-7503","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]]}}}