{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T08:11:07Z","timestamp":1785831067532,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,3]],"date-time":"2026-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This case report describes mandibular distraction osteogenesis (DO) in a six-year-old patient with first and second branchial arch syndrome and obstructive sleep apnea, in whom 3D surgical planning was combined with ultrasonography (US) for postoperative monitoring. The aim was to illustrate how patient-specific 3D modeling and a structured ultrasonography protocol can support safe mandibular advancement while limiting radiation exposure in a pediatric patient with complex craniofacial deformity. Preoperatively, a 3D-printed model of the mandible, generated from a cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scan, was used to guide precise osteotomy planning and vector orientation. The surgical procedure was conducted using a Risdon approach and piezoelectric tools to ensure minimal trauma. Postoperative monitoring incorporated serial panoramic radiography and US at predefined time points to assess gap size, callus formation, and vascularity during distraction and consolidation. US identified early callus formation, progressive cortical bridging, and preserved callus vascularity, and, together with radiographic findings, guided the timing of distraction termination and distractor removal at 16 weeks. This case adds to the limited literature on pediatric mandibular DO by demonstrating the feasibility of integrating patient-specific 3D virtual planning with US-based follow-up to improve the safety, precision, and radiation-conscious management of DO in pediatric patients with complex craniofacial deformities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric18010006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T13:35:47Z","timestamp":1767620147000},"page":"6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mandibular Distraction Osteogenesis Guided by 3D Model and Monitored with Ultrasonography: A Case Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Barbora","family":"Hockov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, F. D. Roosevelt University Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julien","family":"Issa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Radiology & Digital Dentistry, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam & Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miroslav","family":"Mal\u010dek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Children Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7605-2080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krzysztof","family":"Dowgierd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Head and Neck Surgery for Children and Adolescents, Department of Clinical Pediatrics, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial and Reconstructive Surgery for Children and Adolescents, Regional Specialist Children\u2019s Hospital in Olsztyn, 10-561 Olsztyn, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rastislav","family":"Sl\u00e1vik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, F. D. Roosevelt University Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"},{"name":"Department of Pediatric Surgery, Children Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0833-6679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yu-Chi","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02115, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karol","family":"Kr\u00e1linsk\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Children Hospital, 974 01 Bansk\u00e1 Bystrica, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam","family":"Stebel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Maxillofacial Surgery, F. D. 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Trauma Reconstr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Issa, J., Riad, A., Olszewski, R., and Dyszkiewicz-Konwi\u0144ska, M. (2023). The Influence of Slice Thickness, Sharpness, and Contrast Adjustments on Inferior Alveolar Canal Segmentation on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Scans: A Retrospective Study. J. Pers. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm13101518"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zoabi, A., Redenski, I., Oren, D., Kasem, A., Zigron, A., Daoud, S., Moskovich, L., Kablan, F., and Srouji, S. (2022). 3D Printing and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. J. Clin. 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