{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,19]],"date-time":"2026-06-19T04:53:42Z","timestamp":1781844822907,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003196","name":"Italian Ministry of Health","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003196","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pediatric Reports"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives. This study examined whether exposure to white noise improves reading and writing performance in children with Specific Learning Disorder (SLD), with and without comorbid Attention-Deficit\/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Methods. Thirty children aged 8\u201313 years (mean age = 9.4) with SLD, 12 of whom also had ADHD, were recruited from the Centro di Riabilitazione San Raffaele Pisana (Rome). Each child completed two standardized reading and writing assessments, four weeks apart, under two auditory conditions (with vs. without white noise) in randomized order. The primary outcomes were reading speed and accuracy, while the secondary outcome was writing accuracy. Results. Among the 26 completers, white noise significantly improved nonword reading speed and accuracy, showed a trend toward improved passage-reading accuracy, and reduced accuracy in nonword writing. Benefits were different in children with SLD + ADHD compared to those with SLD only. Conclusions. These findings indicate task-specific effects of white noise and suggest potential applications for targeted educational interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/pediatric18030081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T10:19:53Z","timestamp":1781691593000},"page":"81","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effects of White Noise on Academic Skills in Children with ADHD and Specific Learning Disorders: New Perspectives for Personalised Rehabilitation and Educational Intervention"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-4426-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Cavalieri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-1090-8002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilia","family":"Cascio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0564-9057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giada","family":"Iannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Speech and Language Therapy Degree Programme, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Universit\u00e0 Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loredana","family":"Angelini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni Battista","family":"Dell\u2019Isola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9797-0538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Maura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil Engineering and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Medical Engineering, University Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raimondo Stefano Maria","family":"Torcisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromotor Rehabilitation and Rehabilitation Robotics, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele Roma, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Macchione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Lucibello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alberto","family":"Verrotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7513-0051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Federico","family":"Vigevano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Developmental Disabilities, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) San Raffaele, 00163 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association (2023). 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