{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T17:09:53Z","timestamp":1765040993363,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]],"date-time":"2020-04-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["304676\/2017-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["304676\/2017-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["scolar ships PNPD"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["scolar ships PNPD"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005285","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Goi\u00e1s","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRONEN 2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONEN 2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005285","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Carvedilol (CRV) is a non-selective blocker of \u03b1 and \u03b2 adrenergic receptors, which has been extensively used for the treatment of hypertension and congestive heart failure. Owing to its poor biopharmaceutical properties, CRV has been incorporated into different types of drug delivery systems and this necessitates the importance of investigating their compatibility and stability. In this sense, we have investigated the applicability of several electroanalytical tools to assess CRV compatibility with lipid excipients. Voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy techniques were used to evaluate the redox behavior of CRV and lipid excipients. Results showed that Plurol\u00ae isostearic, liquid excipient, and stearic acid presented the greatest anode peak potential variation, and these were considered suitable excipients for CRV formulation. CRV showed the highest stability at room temperature and at 50 \u00b0C when mixed with stearic acid (7% w\/w). The results also provided evidence that electrochemical methods might be feasible to complement standard stability\/compatibility studies related to redox reactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13040070","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,21]],"date-time":"2020-04-21T04:49:38Z","timestamp":1587444578000},"page":"70","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Electroanalysis Applied to Compatibility and Stability Assays of Drugs: Carvedilol Study Case"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6438-5702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Murilo Ferreira","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luane Ferreira","family":"Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6043-5343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isaac Yves Lopes","family":"de Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo Neves","family":"Marreto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mayk Teles","family":"de Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ren\u00ea Oliveira","family":"do Couto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacy School, Federal University of S\u00e3o Jo\u00e3o del-Rei, Midwest Campus, Divin\u00f3polis\u2013MG, ZIP 35.501-296, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo Peixoto","family":"da Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3645-0252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karla Carneiro","family":"de Siqueira Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Paulista, Goi\u00e2nia, GO 74845-090, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3813-8545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K\u00eannia Rocha","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fabio Bahls","family":"Machado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8643-1853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vernon","family":"Somerset","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville 7535, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9161-0127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric de Souza","family":"Gil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Goi\u00e1s, Goi\u00e2nia 74605-170, Brazil"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2019.02.011","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates experimentally induced silicosis in rats via modulation of P-AKT\/mTOR\/TGF\u03b21 signaling","volume":"70","author":"Helal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ihj.2018.06.011","article-title":"Prophylactic use of carvedilol to prevent ventricular dysfunction in patients with cancer treated with doxorubicin","volume":"70","author":"Abuosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian Heart J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molstruc.2018.09.043","article-title":"Carvedilol-imprinted polymer: Rational design and selectivity studies","volume":"1177","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Mol. Struct."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.07.017","article-title":"Optimized nanoemulsifying systems with enhanced bioavailability of carvedilol","volume":"101","author":"Singh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1111\/jphp.12601","article-title":"Development of carvedilol-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes using fluid-bed granulation: A novel solid-state complexation alternative with technological advantages","volume":"68","author":"Alonso","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072013000100012","article-title":"Preparation and characterization of solid dispersions of carvedilol with poloxamer 188","volume":"58","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_7","first-page":"256","article-title":"In vitro permeation of carvedilol through porcine skin: Effect of vehicles and penetration enhancers","volume":"62","author":"Gannu","year":"2008","journal-title":"PDA J. Pharm. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2018.08.017","article-title":"Cyclodextrin-based poly(pseudo)rotaxanes for transdermal delivery of carvedilol","volume":"200","author":"Taveira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Carbohydr. Polym."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"El-Say, K.M., and Hosny, K.M. (2018). Optimization of carvedilol solid lipid nanoparticles: An approach to control the release and enhance the oral bioavailability on rabbits. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203405"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.7324\/JAPS.2019.91207","article-title":"V Carvedilol solid dispersion for enhanced oral bioavailability using rat model","volume":"9","author":"Arregui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jddst.2018.05.015","article-title":"Nanoemulsion-based film formulation for transdermal delivery of carvedilol","volume":"46","author":"Hamed","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.10.005","article-title":"Carvedilol attenuates liver fibrosis by suppressing autophagy and promoting apoptosis in hepatic stellate cells","volume":"108","author":"Meng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2018.03.006","article-title":"Preparation of poloxamer-based nanofibers for enhanced dissolution of carvedilol","volume":"117","author":"Kocbek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.1007\/s10973-015-5022-1","article-title":"Evaluation of carvedilol compatibility with lipid excipients for the development of lipid-based drug delivery systems","volume":"123","author":"Silva","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Therm. Anal. Calorim."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2013.06.016","article-title":"Drug-excipient compatibility screening-role of thermoanalytical and spectroscopic techniques","volume":"87","author":"Chadha","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.12.007","article-title":"Recent breakthroughs in the stability testing of pharmaceutical compounds","volume":"111","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2019.01.016","article-title":"A systematic review of the stability of finished pharmaceutical products and drug substances beyond their labeled expiry dates","volume":"166","author":"Zilker","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2018.04.007","article-title":"Current regulatory requirements and practical approaches for stability analysis of pharmaceutical products: A comprehensive review","volume":"543","author":"Sengupta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coelec.2016.11.001","article-title":"Theoretical and mechanistic aspects of proton-coupled electron transfer in electrochemistry","volume":"1","author":"Costentin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Electrochem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2015.08.010","article-title":"The application of electrochemistry to pharmaceutical stability testing\u2014Comparison with in silico prediction and chemical forced degradation approaches","volume":"115","author":"Torres","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.08.033","article-title":"Robotic microplate voltammetry for real-time hydrogel drug release testing","volume":"1041","author":"Jaikaew","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2007.10.041","article-title":"The influence of cosurfactants and oils on the formation of pharmaceutical microemulsions based on PEG-8 caprylic\/capric glycerides","volume":"352","author":"Djekic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"330","article-title":"Solid state differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) from spots of thin layer chromatography (TLC): A new method for analysis of antioxidant phytoactives","volume":"34","author":"Couto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Quimica Nova"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/4\/70\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,13]],"date-time":"2025-10-13T14:08:57Z","timestamp":1760364537000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/4\/70"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]},"references-count":23,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]}},"alternative-id":["ph13040070"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph13040070","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1424-8247"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,17]]}}}