{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T03:02:14Z","timestamp":1791428534390,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":199,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1589241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and myocardial infarction are frequently co-morbid with major depressive disorder. In the current review, it is argued that vascular inflammation is a factor that is common to all disorders and that an endothelial dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier could be involved in the induction of depression symptoms. Biomarkers for vascular inflammation include a high plasma level of C-reactive protein, soluble cell-adhesion molecules, von Willebrand factor, aldosterone, and proinflammatory cytokines like interleukin-6 or tumor necrosis factor \u03b1. A further possible biomarker is flow-mediated dilation of the brachial artery. Treatment of vascular inflammation is expected to prevent or to reduce symptoms of depression. Several tentative treatments for this form of depression can be envisioned: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), valproate, Vagus-nerve stimulation, nicotinic \u03b17 agonists, and agonists of the cannabinoid CB2-receptor.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13050092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]],"date-time":"2020-05-12T10:53:55Z","timestamp":1589280835000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["The Association Between Vascular Inflammation and Depressive Disorder. Causality, Biomarkers and Targeted Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Hans O.","family":"Kalkman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired pharmacologist, G\u00e4nsb\u00fchlgartenweg 7, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2012.00297","article-title":"Taking the perspective that a depressive state reflects inflammation: Implications for the use of antidepressants","volume":"3","author":"Littrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. 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