{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T00:29:12Z","timestamp":1791246552523,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]],"date-time":"2020-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1593302400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 CA16056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 CA16056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000054","name":"National Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01 CA193610"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 CA193610"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006398","name":"Roswell Park Alliance Foundation, Roswell Park Cancer Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006398","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intra-operative photodynamic therapy (IO-PDT) in combination with surgery for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer and malignant pleural mesothelioma has shown promise in improving overall survival in patients. Here, we developed a PDT platform consisting of a ruthenium-based photosensitizer (TLD1433) activated by an optical surface applicator (OSA) for the management of residual disease. Human lung adenocarcinoma (A549) cell viability was assessed after treatment with TLD1433-mediated PDT illuminated with either 532- or 630-nm light with a micro-lens laser fiber. This TLD1433-mediated PDT induced an EC50 of 1.98 \u03bcM (J\/cm2) and 4807 \u03bcM (J\/cm2) for green and red light, respectively. Cells were then treated with 10 \u00b5M TLD1433 in a 96-well plate with the OSA using two 2-cm radial diffusers, each transmitted 532 nm light at 50 mW\/cm for 278 s. Monte Carlo simulations of the surface light propagation from the OSA computed light fluence (J\/cm2) and irradiance (mW\/cm2) distribution. In regions where 100% loss in cell viability was measured, the simulations suggest that &gt;20 J\/cm2 of 532 nm was delivered. Our studies indicate that TLD1433-mediated PDT with the OSA and light simulations have the potential to become a platform for treatment planning for IO-PDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13070137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,29]],"date-time":"2020-06-29T05:28:56Z","timestamp":1593408536000},"page":"137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"title":["TLD1433-Mediated Photodynamic Therapy with an Optical Surface Applicator in the Treatment of Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4960-7415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Chamberlain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Houston D.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6851-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"III","given":"John","family":"Roque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Bellnier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri A.","family":"McFarland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, TX 76019-0065, USA"},{"name":"Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27402-6170, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gal","family":"Shafirstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Stress Biology, Photodynamic Therapy Center, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, K.C., Hsieh, Y.S., Tseng, Y.F., Shieh, M.J., Chen, J.S., Lai, H.S., and Lee, J.M. 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