{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,1]],"date-time":"2026-04-01T13:43:40Z","timestamp":1775051020698,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603065600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Exposure to ionizing radiation usually results in cellular oxidative damage and may induce liver toxicity. The efficiency of the ethanol extracts of Washingtonia filifera (EWF) and Washingtonia robusta (EWR) leaves in alleviating \u03b3-radiation-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity was herein explored. Proximate and macronutrient composition of the leaves was determined to establish reliable quality control criteria. Colorimetric estimation of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid (TFC) contents revealed their occurrence in larger amounts in EWR. In vitro evaluation of the antioxidant capacity by 2,2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays confirmed higher efficiency of EWR designating a close correlation with phenolic composition. Four phenolics, viz., naringenin, kaempferol, quercetin, and gallic acid, were isolated from EWR. In vivo assessment of the extracts\u2019 antioxidant potential was performed on \u03b3-irradiated (7.5 Gy) female rats. EWR was found more efficient in restoring the elevated liver index, ALT, albumin, cholesterol, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. Both extracts ameliorated the increase in the stimulator of interferon gene (STING) expression. Bioactivity was confirmed by immuno-histochemical examination of inflammatory and apoptotic biomarkers (TNF-\u03b1, IL-6 and caspase-3) and histopathological architecture. In addition, the interactions of the isolated compounds with STING were assessed in silico by molecular docking. Therefore, Washingtonia robusta leaves might be suggested as a valuable nutritional supplement to alleviate radiotherapy-induced hepatotoxicity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13100320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]],"date-time":"2020-10-19T09:36:28Z","timestamp":1603100188000},"page":"320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Impact of Washingtonia robusta Leaves on Gamma Irradiation-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats and Correlation with STING Pathway and Phenolic Composition"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6252-000X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nabil","family":"Selim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seham","family":"El-Hawary","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soheir","family":"El Zalabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7635-6842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rehab","family":"Shamma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nariman","family":"Mahdy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Noheir","family":"Sherif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef 62513, Egypt"},{"name":"Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9593-9664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanan","family":"Fahmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1517-2548","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mai","family":"Mekkawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug Radiation Research Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, P.O. Box: 29 Nasr City, Cairo 11865, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Yasri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660\u2013Hay MoulayRachid, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2719-8534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mansour","family":"Sobeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"AgroBioSciences Research Division, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660\u2013Hay MoulayRachid, Ben-Guerir 43150, Morocco"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2003.05.011","article-title":"Melatonin ameliorates ionizing radiation-induced oxidative organ damage in rats","volume":"74","author":"Jahovic","year":"2003","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2404","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI86892","article-title":"The host STING pathway at the interface of cancer and immunity","volume":"126","author":"Corrales","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. 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