{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T03:27:25Z","timestamp":1768793245047,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1603929600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman (Fast-track Research Funding Program)","award":["1000\/965-PNU"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000\/965-PNU"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study determined the antimicrobial efficiency of light-activated disinfection (LAD) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) on polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (PICN) material contaminated with three periodontal bacteria and explored if PDT and LAD cause PICN surface alterations. Sixty PICN discs were contaminated with Tannerella forsythia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Treponema denticola and randomly divided into five groups (n = 12 samples\/each) according to the treatment groups: Group PDT\u2014PDT (630 \u00b1 10 nm diode laser) with methylene blue; Group DL\u2014808 nm diode laser in contact mode without photosensitizer; Group MB\u2013methylene blue without light application; Group CHX\u20140.12% chlorhexidine digluconate solution and; Group NT\u2014no treatment. Each disc was then placed in tubes containing phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and vortexed for 30 s to remove the remaining bacteria from the discs. A total of 10\u00d7 serial dilutions were performed followed by plating of 30 \u03bcL of suspension on Brucella agar plates. The colony forming units (CFU) were calculated after 72 h. PICN discs with the attached biofilms were used for confocal microscopy investigation for live\/dead bacterial viability. A random single sample from each group was selected to study the bacterial adherence and topographical alterations on PICN discs under scanning electron microscope (SEM). The PDT group showed higher reduction for each bacterial species and total counts of bacteria assessed followed by the DL group (p &lt; 0.05). When compared with MB group, the two laser groups were significantly superior (p &lt; 0.05). The MB group did not show significant differences for any bacteria when compared to NT. The bacteria with the CHX group and DL groups appeared dead with few areas of surviving green stained bacteria. The PDT group showed the highest dead cell count (p &lt; 0.05). PDT and DL groups indicate no significant changes on the surface compared to the sterile PICN discs on visual assessment. Photodynamic therapy produced superior periodontal bacteria reduction over the surface of PICN surface. PDT group showed higher reduction for each bacterial species and total counts of bacteria assessed followed by the DL group. Both PDT and DL treatment strategies are effective without producing surface alterations on PICN.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13110350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]],"date-time":"2020-10-29T09:44:53Z","timestamp":1603964693000},"page":"350","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Antimicrobial Capacity and Surface Alterations Using Photodynamic Therapy and Light Activated Disinfection on Polymer-Infiltrated Ceramic Material Contaminated with Periodontal Bacteria"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3592-4177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elzahraa","family":"Eldwakhly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"},{"name":"Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Selma","family":"Saadaldin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Prosthodontics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON N6A 3K7, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alhanoof","family":"Aldegheishem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marwa","family":"Salah Mostafa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mai","family":"Soliman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Dental Science Department, College of Dentistry, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3913(67)90146-1","article-title":"The effect of crown marginal depth upon gingival tissue","volume":"17","author":"Marcum","year":"1967","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1067\/mpr.2001.115386","article-title":"The influence of intracrevicular crown margins on gingival health: Preliminary findings","volume":"85","author":"Kancyper","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-011-0585-0","article-title":"Microbiological and host factors are involved in promoting the periodontal failure of metaloceramic crowns","volume":"16","author":"Passariello","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0757.2001.22250108.x","article-title":"Periodontal considerations in restorative and implant therapy","volume":"25","author":"Goldberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3667-z","article-title":"Subcritical crack growth in porcelains, glass-ceramics, and glass-infiltrated alumina composite for dental restorations","volume":"20","author":"Gonzaga","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1111\/jerd.12370","article-title":"A literature review on the new polymer-infiltrated ceramic-network material (PICN)","volume":"30","author":"Facenda","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Esthet. Restor. Dent."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2015.02.024","article-title":"Comparison of mechanical properties of three machinable ceramics with an experimental fluorophlogopite glass ceramic","volume":"114","author":"Leung","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Prosthet. Dent."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S223","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.16-0569","article-title":"Dental prostheses and tooth-related factors","volume":"89","author":"Ercoli","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.15713\/ins.jcri.231","article-title":"Detection of red complex organisms in chronic periodontitis by multiplex polymerase chain reaction","volume":"5","author":"Nayak","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Adv. Clin. Res. Insights"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/adj.12733","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of probiotics in the treatment of gingivitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2019.104600","article-title":"Treatment of experimental periodontitis with chlorhexidine as adjuvant to scaling and root planing","volume":"110","author":"Prietto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1989.60.1.67","article-title":"Scaling and root planing effectiveness: The effect of root surface access and operator experience","volume":"60","author":"Brayer","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S102","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1834-7819.2009.01148.x","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy: A targeted therapy in periodontics","volume":"54","author":"Raghavendra","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aust. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1089\/pho.2004.22.411","article-title":"Principles of lasers and biophotonic effects","volume":"22","author":"Knappe","year":"2004","journal-title":"Photomed. Laser Surg."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.07.049","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy\u2013mechanisms, photosensitizers and combinations","volume":"106","author":"Kwiatkowski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.05.007","article-title":"Efficacy of photodynamic therapy versus antibiotics as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"19","author":"Akram","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12499","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy and laser irradiation as an adjunct to open flap debridement in the treatment of chronic periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"36","author":"Akram","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.08.012","article-title":"Is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy a useful therapeutic protocol for oral decontamination? A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"20","author":"Kellesarian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.04.027","article-title":"Clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of chronic periodontitis among cigarette smokers: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Akram","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2017.10.013","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of peri-implant diseases: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"21","author":"Sivaramakrishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-020-03204-9","article-title":"Evaluation of adhesion of Streptococcus mutans, plaque accumulation on zirconia and stainless steel crowns, and surrounding gingival inflammation in primary molars: Randomized controlled trial","volume":"24","author":"Mathew","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.15171\/jlms.2016.24","article-title":"Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy as an adjunctive to mechanical debridement in the treatment of peri-implant diseases: A randomized controlled clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Karimi","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lasers Med Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/prd.12123","article-title":"Lasers in minimally invasive periodontal and peri-implant therapy","volume":"71","author":"Mizutani","year":"2016","journal-title":"Periodontology 2000"},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"1173","article-title":"Anti-plaque and antimicrobial efficiency of different oral rinses in a 3-day plaque accumulation model","volume":"30","author":"Cantore","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Regul. Homeost. Agents"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2016.09.004","article-title":"Effect of photodynamic therapy and laser alone as adjunct to scaling and root planing on gingival crevicular fluid inflammatory proteins in periodontal disease: A systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Akram","year":"2016","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1748584","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/1748584","article-title":"Effects of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy and local administration of minocycline on clinical, microbiological, and inflammatory markers of periodontal pockets: A pilot study","volume":"2018","author":"Hokari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.5051\/jpis.2015.45.2.38","article-title":"The effect of photodynamic therapy on Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans attached to surface-modified titanium","volume":"45","author":"Cho","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Periodontal Implant Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2006.07.010","article-title":"Bactericidal effect of malachite green and red laser on Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans","volume":"86","author":"Prates","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2018.01.017","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy and light-activated disinfection on contaminated zirconia implants: An in vitro study","volume":"21","author":"Azizi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2011.12.006","article-title":"Surface properties of titanium and zirconia dental implant materials and their effect on bacterial adhesion","volume":"40","author":"Dymock","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E271","DOI":"10.2341\/18-278-L","article-title":"Streptococcus mutans Biofilm Formation and Cell Viability on Polymer-infiltrated Ceramic and Yttria-stabilized Polycrystalline Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic","volume":"44","author":"Bottino","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oper. Dent."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.2004.75.2.292","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion on commercially pure titanium and zirconium oxide disks: An in vivo human study","volume":"75","author":"Scarano","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.07.012","article-title":"Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy for elimination of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans biofilm on Laser-Lok titanium discs","volume":"27","author":"Sayar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831976","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/831976","article-title":"Three-point bending tests of zirconia core\/veneer ceramics for dental restorations","volume":"2013","author":"Marrelli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8685796","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/8685796","article-title":"Bacterial adhesion and surface roughness for different clinical techniques for acrylic polymethyl methacrylate","volume":"2016","author":"Dantas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Dent."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daood, U., Banday, N., Akram, Z., Tsoi, J.K., Neelakantan, P., Omar, H., Abduljabbar, T., Vohra, F., Al-Hamoudi, N., and Fawzy, A.S. (2017). Mechanical and spectroscopic analysis of retrieved\/failed dental implants. Coatings, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings7110201"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2019.01.018","article-title":"Antimicrobial efficacy of photodynamic therapy on dental implant surfaces: A systematic review of in vitro studies","volume":"25","author":"Alasqah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3390\/dj6040072","article-title":"Commitment of oral-derived stem cells in dental and maxillofacial applications","volume":"6","author":"Spagnuolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927401","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/6927401","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cells as promoters, enhancers, and playmakers of the translational regenerative medicine 2018","volume":"2018","author":"Ballini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7230987","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/7230987","article-title":"Highly efficient in vitro reparative behaviour of dental pulp stem cells cultured with standardised platelet lysate supplementation","volume":"2016","author":"Marrazzo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Stem Cells Int."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-012-1148-6","article-title":"Decontamination of dental implant surfaces by means of photodynamic therapy","volume":"28","author":"Marotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/11\/350\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T10:26:12Z","timestamp":1760178372000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/13\/11\/350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["ph13110350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph13110350","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,29]]}}}