{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T21:28:06Z","timestamp":1790371686089,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606435200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multiple myeloma is a complex hematologic malignancy, and despite a survival improvement related to the growing number of available therapeutic options since 2000s, it remains an incurable disease with most patients experiencing relapse. However, therapeutic options for this disease are constantly evolving and immunotherapy is becoming the mainstay of the therapeutic armamentarium of Multiple Myeloma (MM), starting with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) as elotuzumab, daratumumab and isatuximab. Elotuzumab, the first in class targeting SLAMF7, in combination with lenalidomide and dexamethasone and daratumumab, directed against CD38, in combination with Rd and with bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd), have been approved for the treatment of relapsed\/refractory MM (RRMM) after they demonstrated excellent efficacy. More recently, another anti-CD38 MoAb named isatuximab was approved by FDA in combination with pomalidomide-dexamethasone (Pd) in the same setting. Many phase II and III trials with regimens containing these MoAbs are ongoing, and when available, preliminary data are very encouraging. In this review we will describe the results of major clinical studies that have been conducted with elotuzumab, daratumumab and isatuximab in RRMM, focusing on phase III trials. Moreover, we will summarized the emerging MoAbs-based combinations in the RRMM landscape.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13120426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]],"date-time":"2020-11-27T09:16:49Z","timestamp":1606468609000},"page":"426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Monoclonal Antibodies: Leading Actors in the Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Treatment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sonia","family":"Mor\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Petrucci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Umberto I, Universit\u00e0 \u201cSapienza\u201d di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Corvatta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UOC Medicina, Ospedale Profili Fabriano, 60044 Fabriano, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Fazio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sezione di Ematologia, Dipartimento di Medicina Traslazionale e di Precisione, Azienda Ospedaliera Policlinico Umberto I, Universit\u00e0 \u201cSapienza\u201d di Roma, 00161 Roma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2749-7347","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Offidani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Attilio","family":"Olivieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinica di Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Ospedali Riuniti di Ancona, 60126 Ancona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2516","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-10-116129","article-title":"Improved survival in multiple myeloma and the impact of novel therapies","volume":"111","author":"Kumar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2007-08-104984","article-title":"Recent major improvement in long-term survival of younger patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"111","author":"Brenner","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.313","article-title":"Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma: Changes in early mortality and outcomes in older patients","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_4","first-page":"abstract S105","article-title":"A triplet bortezomib- and immunomodulator-based therapy before and after double ASCT improves overall survival of newly diagnosed MM patients: Final analysis of phase 3 GIMEMA-MMY-3006 study","volume":"2","author":"Tacchetti","year":"2018","journal-title":"HemaSphere"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"abstract 8039","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2019.37.15_suppl.8039","article-title":"Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma including high-risk patients","volume":"37","author":"Nandakumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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