{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,7]],"date-time":"2026-09-07T16:35:30Z","timestamp":1788798930699,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609977600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The impressive improvement of overall survival in multiple myeloma (MM) patients in the last years has been mostly related to the availability of new classes of drugs with different mechanisms of action, including proteasome inhibitors (PI), immunomodulating agents (IMiDs), and monoclonal antibodies. However, even with this increased potence of fire, MM still remains an incurable condition, due to clonal selection and evolution of neoplastic clone. This concept underlines the importance of immunotherapy as one of the most relevant tools to try to eradicate the disease. In line with this concept, active and passive immunotherapies represent the most attractive approach to this aim. Antibody-drug conjugate(s) (ADCs) and bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) include two innovative tools in order to limit neoplastic plasma cell growth or even, if used at the time of the best response, to potentially eradicate the tumoral clone. Following their promising results as single agent for advanced disease, at the recent 62nd ASH meeting, encouraging data of several combinations, particularly of ADC(s) with PI or IMiDs, have been reported, suggesting even better results for patients treated earlier. In this paper, we reviewed the characteristics, mechanism of action, and clinical data available for most relevant ADC(s) and BsAbs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010040","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]],"date-time":"2021-01-07T01:51:58Z","timestamp":1609984318000},"page":"40","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Drug Conjugated and Bispecific Antibodies for Multiple Myeloma: Improving Immunotherapies off the Shelf"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gregorio","family":"Baril\u00e0","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Padova University School of Medicine, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Rizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University School of Medicine, 70121 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Zambello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine (DIMED), Hematology and Clinical Immunology Section, Padova University School of Medicine, 35121 Padova, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pellegrino","family":"Musto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, \u201cAldo Moro\u201d University School of Medicine, 70121 Bari, Italy"},{"name":"Unit of Hematology and Stem Cell Transplantation, AOUC Policlinico, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/nrclinonc.2016.122","article-title":"Genomic complexity of multiple myeloma and its clinical implications","volume":"14","author":"Manier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e306","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.32","article-title":"The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of myeloma and their uses in immunotherapies","volume":"5","author":"Dosani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1203486","article-title":"Cancer immunoediting: Integrating immunity\u2019s roles in cancer suppression and promotion","volume":"331","author":"Schreiber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2014.01.004","article-title":"New insights into cancer immunoediting and its three component phases--elimination, equilibrium and escape","volume":"27","author":"Mittal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-016-2135-z","article-title":"Immune responses in multiple myeloma: Role of the natural immune surveillance and potential of immunotherapies","volume":"73","author":"Guillerey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1565","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI129205","article-title":"Immunotherapy of multiple myeloma","volume":"130","author":"Minnie","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1601","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2005.11.038","article-title":"Allogeneic haematopoietic cell transplantation for multiple myeloma: Reducing transplant-related mortality while harnessing the graft-versus-myeloma effect","volume":"42","author":"Zeiser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2017.174573","article-title":"From transplant to novel cellular therapies in multiple myeloma: European Myeloma Network guidelines and future perspectives","volume":"103","author":"Gay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-05-693606","article-title":"How I treat the young patient with multiple myeloma","volume":"132","author":"Gandolfi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-16-0184","article-title":"New strategies in multiple myeloma: Immunotherapy as a novel approach to treat patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"22","author":"Neri","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-016-0323-0","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates: Recent advances in conjugation and linker chemistries","volume":"9","author":"Tsuchikama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3128","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-10-535088","article-title":"Novel anti-B-cell maturation antigen antibody-drug conjugate (GSK2857916) selectively induces killing of multiple myeloma","volume":"123","author":"Tai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0786-6","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates in clinical trials for lymphoid malignancies and multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3214","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-05-3973","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugates designed to eradicate tumors with homogeneous and heterogeneous expression of the target antigen","volume":"66","author":"Kovtun","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.05.006","article-title":"Investigational antibody-drug conjugates for treatment of B-lineage malignancies","volume":"18","author":"Herrera","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1007\/s40264-018-0775-7","article-title":"Safety and tolerability of antibody-drug conjugates in cancer","volume":"42","author":"Robak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0734-z","article-title":"B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) in multiple myeloma: Rationale for targeting and current therapeutic approaches","volume":"34","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-17-3202","article-title":"Modulation of macropinocytosis-mediated internalization decreases ocular toxicity of antibody-drug conjugates","volume":"78","author":"Zhao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-016-0380-0","article-title":"Indatuximab ravtansine (BT062) combination treatment in multiple myeloma: Pre-clinical studies","volume":"10","author":"Schonfeld","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2018.08.018","article-title":"A phase I study to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics of single-agent lorvotuzumab mertansine (IMGN901) in patients with relapsed and\/or refractory CD-56-positive multiple myeloma","volume":"19","author":"Ailawadhi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma Myeloma Leuk."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.1158\/1538-7445.AM2019-2384","article-title":"TAK-169, an exceptionally potent CD38 targeted engineered toxin body, as a novel direct cell kill approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"79","author":"Willert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37700","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.26491","article-title":"Targeting CD74 in multiple myeloma with the novel, site-specific antibody-drug conjugate STRO-001","volume":"9","author":"Abrahams","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4640","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI85856","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugate targeting CD46 eliminates multiple myeloma cells","volume":"126","author":"Sherbenou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2003-06-2043","article-title":"Expression of BCMA, TACI, and BAFF-R in multiple myeloma: A mechanism for growth and survival","volume":"103","author":"Novak","year":"2004","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1448269","article-title":"The clinical significance of B-cell maturation antigen as a therapeutic target and biomarker","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20031330","article-title":"BCMA is essential for the survival of long-lived bone marrow plasma cells","volume":"199","author":"Raman","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/j.leukres.2013.05.014","article-title":"Evaluation of TNF superfamily molecules in multiple myeloma patients: Correlation with biological and clinical features","volume":"37","author":"Lemancewicz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iftikhar, A., Hassan, H., Iftikhar, N., Mushtaq, A., Sohail, A., Rosko, N., Chakraborty, R., Razzaq, F., Sandeep, S., and Valent, J.N. (2019). Investigational monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of multiple myeloma: A systematic review of agents under clinical development. Antibodies, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/antib8020034"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bonello, F., Mina, R., Boccadoro, M., and Gay, F. (2019). Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies and antibody products: Current practices and development in multiple myeloma. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12010015"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-07-4246","article-title":"CS1, a potential new therapeutic antibody target for the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"14","author":"Hsi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505654","article-title":"Elotuzumab therapy for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"373","author":"Lonial","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14787","article-title":"Elotuzumab plus lenalidomide\/dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma: ELOQUENT-2 follow-up and post-hoc analyses on progression-free survival and tumour growth","volume":"178","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1805762","article-title":"Elotuzumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone for multiple myeloma","volume":"379","author":"Dimopoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(18)30576-X","article-title":"Targeting B-cell maturation antigen with GSK2857916 antibody-drug conjugate in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (BMA117159): A dose escalation and expansion phase 1 trial","volume":"19","author":"Trudel","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-019-0196-6","article-title":"Antibody-drug conjugate, GSK2857916, in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma: An update on safety and efficacy from dose expansion phase I study","volume":"9","author":"Trudel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(19)30788-0","article-title":"Belantamab mafodotin for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (DREAMM-2): A two-arm, randomised, open-label, phase 2 study","volume":"21","author":"Lonial","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-129893","article-title":"Dreamm-3: A phase 3, open-label, randomized study to evaluate the efficacy and safety of belantamab mafodotin (GSK2857916) monotherapy compared with pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone (Pom\/Dex) in participants with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM)","volume":"134","author":"Weisel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-129879","article-title":"Dreamm-5: Platform trial evaluating belantamab mafodotin (a BCMA-directed Immuno-conjugate) in combination with novel agents in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM)","volume":"134","author":"Richardson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0834-9","article-title":"Phase 1 study of the anti-BCMA antibody-drug conjugate AMG 224 in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"35","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0278-7","article-title":"Preclinical assessment of an antibody-PBD conjugate that targets BCMA on multiple myeloma and myeloma progenitor cells","volume":"33","author":"Kinneer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-020-0745-9","article-title":"A novel BCMA PBD-ADC with ATM\/ATR\/WEE1 inhibitors or bortezomib induce synergistic lethality in multiple myeloma","volume":"34","author":"Xing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, S.K., Migkou, M., Bhutani, M., Spencer, A., Ailawadhi, S., Kalff, A., Walcott, F., Pore, N., Gibson, D., and Wang, F. (2020, January 5\u20138). Phase 1, first-in-human study of MEDI2228, a BCMA-targeted ADC in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma. Proceedings of the 62nd ASH annual Meeting and Exposition, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-136375"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118412","article-title":"HDP101, a novel B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)-targeted antibody conjugated to \u03b1-Amanitin, is active against myeloma with preferential efficacy against pre-clinical models of deletion 17p","volume":"132","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5329","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122754","article-title":"Preliminary results of a phase 1 dose escalation study of the first-in-class anti-CD74 antibody drug conjugate (ADC), STRO-001, in patients with advanced B-cell malignancies","volume":"134","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-19-1431","article-title":"First-in-human phase I study of ABBV-838, an antibody-drug conjugate targeting SLAMF7\/CS1 in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Vij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1038\/s41571-020-0347-5","article-title":"T cell-engaging therapies\u2014BiTEs and beyond","volume":"17","author":"Goebeler","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00501","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies for multiple myeloma: A review of targets, drugs, clinical trials, and future directions","volume":"11","author":"Caraccio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/2515135518763280","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies in cancer immunotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Dahlen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Vaccines Immunother."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-065X.2003.00009.x","article-title":"T cell anergy and costimulation","volume":"192","author":"Appleman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.10557","article-title":"Extremely potent, rapid and costimulation-independent cytotoxic T-cell response against lymphoma cells catalyzed by a single-chain bispecific antibody","volume":"100","author":"Dreier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00762","article-title":"Bispecific, T-cell-recruiting antibodies in B-cell Malignancies","volume":"11","author":"Lejeune","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1080\/19420862.2016.1268307","article-title":"The making of bispecific antibodies","volume":"9","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"MAbs"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6226","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-01-400515","article-title":"Immunopharmacologic response of patients with B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia to continuous infusion of T cell-engaging CD19\/CD3-bispecific BiTE antibody blinatumomab","volume":"119","author":"Klinger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.blre.2018.02.004","article-title":"Bispecific antibody based therapeutics: Strengths and challenges","volume":"32","author":"Thakur","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1038\/s41409-019-0596-z","article-title":"The use of bispecific antibodies to optimize the outcome of patients with acute leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma after SCT","volume":"54","author":"Einsele","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone Marrow Transplant."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.567","article-title":"Cytokine release syndrome with novel therapeutics for acute lymphoblastic leukemia","volume":"2016","author":"Frey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.2217\/imt-2019-0074","article-title":"Management of cytokine release syndrome: An update on emerging antigen-specific T cell engaging immunotherapies","volume":"11","author":"Khadka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Immunotherapy"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.02657","article-title":"Anti-B-cell maturation antigen BiTE molecule AMG 420 induces responses in multiple myeloma","volume":"38","author":"Topp","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-99-118425","article-title":"Anti-BCMA BiTE\u00ae AMG 701 potently induces specific T cell lysis of human multiple myeloma (MM) cells and immunomodulation in the bone marrow microenvironment","volume":"132","author":"Cho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harrison, J.S., Minnema, C.M., Lee, H.C., Spencer, A., Kapoor, P., Madduri, D., Larsen, J., Ailawadhi, S., Kaufman, J.L., and Raab, M.S. (2020, January 5\u20138). A phase 1 first in human (FIH) study of AMG 701, an anti-B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) half-life extended (HLE) BiTE\u00ae (bispecific T-cell engager) molecule, in relapsed\/refractory (RR) multiple myeloma (MM). Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-134063"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccell.2017.02.002","article-title":"Target expression, generation, preclinical activity, and pharmacokinetics of the BCMA-T cell bispecific antibody EM801 for multiple myeloma treatment","volume":"31","author":"Seckinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cancer Cell"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2019-122895","article-title":"First clinical study of the B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA) 2+1 T Cell engager (TCE) CC-93269 in patients (Pts) with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM): Interim results of a phase 1 multicenter trial","volume":"134","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4538","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2020002393","article-title":"Teclistamab is an active T cell-redirecting bispecific antibody against B-cell maturation antigen for multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garfall, A., Usmani, S.Z., Mateos, M.V., Nahi, H., Van De Donk, N.W.C.J., San-Miguel, J.F., Oriol Rocafiguera, A., Rosinol, L., Chari, A., and Bhutani, M. (2020, January 5\u20138). Updated phase 1 results of teclistamab, a B-cell maturation antigen (BCMA)\u00d7CD3 Bispecific antibody, in relapsed and\/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-138831"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madduri, D., Rosko, A., Brayer, J., Zonder, J., Bensinger, W.I., Li, J., Xu, L., Adriaens, L., Chokshi, D., and Zhang, W. (2020, January 5\u20138). REGN5458, a BCMA \u00d7 CD3 bispecific monoclonal antibody, induces deep and durable responses in patients with relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-139192"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodriguez, C., D\u2019Souza, A., Shah, N., Voorhees, P.M., Buelow, B., Vij, R., and Kumar, S.K. (2020, January 5\u20138). Initial results of a phase I study of TNB-383B, a BCMA \u00d7 CD3 bispecific T-cell redirecting antibody, in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma. Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-139893"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cohen, A.D., Harrison, S.J., Krishnan, A., Fonseca, R., Forsberg, P.A., Spencer, A., Berdeja, J.G., Laubach, J.P., Li, M., and Choeurng, V. (2020, January 5\u20138). Initial clinical activity and safety of BFCR4350A, a FcRH5\/CD3 T-cell-engaging bispecific antibody, in relapsed\/refractory multiple myeloma. Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-136985"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1232","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019003342","article-title":"A T-cell-redirecting bispecific G-protein-coupled receptor class 5 member D \u00d7 CD3 antibody to treat multiple myeloma","volume":"135","author":"Pillarisetti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chari, A., Berdeja, J.G., Oriol, A., Van De Donk, N.W.C.J., Rodriguez, P., Askari, A., Mateos, M.V., Minnema, M.C., Verona, R., and Girgis, S. (2020, January 5\u20138). A Phase 1, first-in-human Study of talquetamab, a G protein-coupled receptor family C group 5 member D (GPRC5D) \u00d7 CD3 bispecific antibody, in patients with relapsed and\/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). Proceedings of the 62nd ASH Annual Meeting and Exposition, Virtual Online, San Diego, CA, USA.","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2020-133873"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000111","article-title":"Future of CAR T cells in multiple myeloma","volume":"2020","author":"Wudhikarn","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01155","article-title":"Targeted therapy with immunoconjugates for multiple myeloma","volume":"11","author":"Bruins","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000110","article-title":"Bispecifics, trispecifics, and other novel immune treatments in myeloma","volume":"2020","author":"Lancman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematol. Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program"}],"container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/14\/1\/40\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:07:56Z","timestamp":1760159276000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8247\/14\/1\/40"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]}},"alternative-id":["ph14010040"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ph14010040","relation":{},"ISSN":["1424-8247"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1424-8247","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,7]]}}}