{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,10]],"date-time":"2025-12-10T12:29:09Z","timestamp":1765369749906,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is a disease of unknown etiology, but half-dose photodynamic therapy (hPDT) is well known to be effective for CSC. Infrared reflectance (IR) has been shown to be effective for detecting retinal pigmented epithelial and choroidal lesions, but no reports have focused on chorioretinal changes using IR images after as compared to before hPDT. This study aimed to clarify the features of IR images as well as retinal and choroidal morphological changes before and after treatment with verteporfin hPDT for CSC. We also examined prognostic factors associated with CSC treatment. This was a retrospective study that included 140 eyes of 140 patients (male\/female ratio 122:18, mean age 53.4 \u00b1 10.8 years) diagnosed with CSC who underwent hPDT in our hospital during the period from April 2015 to December 2018. We determined changes in visual acuity, therapeutic efficacy, central retinal thickness (CRT), central choroidal thickness (CCT), and IR images at one and three months after hPDT as compared to before treatment. Dry macula was defined as a complete resolution of serous retinal detachment after hPDT. History of smoking, disease duration, presence of drusen, presence of retinal pigment epithelium abnormalities, type of fluorescein angiographic leakage, and presence of choroidal vascular hyperpermeability were investigated as prognostic factors associated with treatment efficacy. CRT and CCT were measured using optical coherence tomography (Spectralis HRA-2; Heidelberg Engineering), and IR images after versus before treatment were compared using ImageJ software (version 1.52) to calculate the mean luminance for a 3 \u00d7 3 mm area in the macula. Compared with the values before treatment, CCT, CRT, and visual acuity showed significant improvements at one and three months after treatment, and the mean luminance of IR images was also significantly increased. Furthermore, the luminance on IR images tended to rise, though the values at one month and three months after treatment did not differ significantly. Disease duration was significantly associated with dry macula one month after treatment, and visual acuity and CRT before hPDT were both significantly related to dry macula three months after treatment. IR images tended to improve over time, from before treatment through one and three months after hPDT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14010053","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]],"date-time":"2021-01-11T11:36:11Z","timestamp":1610364971000},"page":"53","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Morphological Changes and Prognostic Factors before and after Photodynamic Therapy for Central Serous Chorioretinopathy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yu","family":"Wakatsuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3323-4148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Tanaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryusaburo","family":"Mori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Furuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Akiyuki","family":"Kawamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroyuki","family":"Nakashizuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nihon University School of Medicine, Nihon University Hospital, Chiyoda City 101-8309, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573-1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9394(67)90026-8","article-title":"Pathogenesis of disciform detachment of the neuroepithelium","volume":"63","author":"Gass","year":"1967","journal-title":"Am. 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