{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:29:19Z","timestamp":1792218559106,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":265,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1611619200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Over the last 30 years the role of monoclonal antibodies in therapeutics has increased enormously, revolutionizing treatment in most medical specialties, including neurology. Monoclonal antibodies are key therapeutic agents for several neurological conditions with diverse pathophysiological mechanisms, including multiple sclerosis, migraines and neuromuscular disease. In addition, a great number of monoclonal antibodies against several targets are being investigated for many more neurological diseases, which reflects our advances in understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases. Untangling the molecular mechanisms of disease allows monoclonal antibodies to block disease pathways accurately and efficiently with exceptional target specificity, minimizing non-specific effects. On the other hand, accumulating experience shows that monoclonal antibodies may carry class-specific and target-associated risks. This article provides an overview of different types of monoclonal antibodies and their characteristics and reviews monoclonal antibodies currently in use or under development for neurological disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14020092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]],"date-time":"2021-01-26T08:29:16Z","timestamp":1611649756000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Monoclonal Antibodies as Neurological Therapeutics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5022-6460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Gklinos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, KAT General Hospital of Attica, 14561 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranta","family":"Papadopoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical, Experimental Surgery & Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), 11527 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vid","family":"Stanulovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Pharmacovigilance, R&D Sanofi, 91385 Chilly-Mazarin, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4691-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimos D.","family":"Mitsikostas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Neurology Department, Aeginition Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11521 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1806-7740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Papadopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, 129 Vasilissis Sophias Avenue, 11521 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Salpetriere Neuropsychiatric Clinic, 149 Papandreou Street, Metamorphosi, 14452 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1038\/256495a0","article-title":"Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity","volume":"256","author":"Milstein","year":"1975","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1126\/science.314668","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies defining distinctive human T cell surface antigens","volume":"206","author":"Kung","year":"1979","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6851","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.81.21.6851","article-title":"Chimeric human antibody molecules: Mouse antigen-binding domains with human constant region domains","volume":"81","author":"Morrison","year":"1984","journal-title":"Proc. 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