{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T22:38:18Z","timestamp":1787783898734,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":149,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic systemic autoimmune disease characterized by a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations. The respiratory system can be involved in up to 50\u201370% of patients and be the presenting manifestation of the disease in 4\u20135% of cases. Every part of the respiratory part can be involved, and the severity can vary from mild self-limiting to life threatening forms. Respiratory involvement can be primary (caused by SLE itself) or secondary (e.g., infections or drug toxicity), acute or chronic. The course, treatment and prognosis vary greatly depending on the specific pattern of the disease. This review article aims at providing an overview of respiratory manifestations in SLE along with an update about therapeutic approaches including novel biologic therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14030276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T22:19:36Z","timestamp":1616105976000},"page":"276","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Respiratory Manifestations in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Di Bartolomeo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, ASL 1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L\u2019Aquila, 67039 Sulmona, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1105-5640","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessia","family":"Alunno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1958-5136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Carubbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Internal Medicine and Nephrology Unit, Department of Life, Health &amp; Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila and Department of Medicine, ASL 1 Avezzano-Sulmona-L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0000000000000480","article-title":"Epidemiology of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: An update","volume":"30","author":"Stojan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. 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