{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:02:10Z","timestamp":1787029330328,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":168,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Thymic tumors are a group of rare mediastinal malignancies that include three different histological subtypes with completely different clinical behavior: the thymic carcinomas, the thymomas, and the rarest thymic neuroendocrine tumors. Nowadays, few therapeutic options are available for relapsed and refractory thymic tumors after a first-line platinum-based chemotherapy. In the last years, the deepening of knowledge on thymus\u2019 biological characterization has opened possibilities for new treatment options. Several clinical trials have been conducted, the majority with disappointing results mainly due to inaccurate patient selection, but recently some encouraging results have been presented. In this review, we summarize the molecular alterations observed in thymic tumors, underlying the great biological differences among the different histology, and the promising targeted therapies for the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14040316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T10:44:01Z","timestamp":1617273841000},"page":"316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["An Overview on Molecular Characterization of Thymic Tumors: Old and New Targets for Clinical Advances"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1199-2338","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Tateo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Manuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6259-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudia","family":"Parisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0731-5721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"De Giglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4615-7340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Campana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Abbondanza","family":"Pantaleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3069-7630","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Lamberti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Policlinico di Sant\u2019Orsola University Hospital, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Medical Oncology, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, Via P. Albertoni 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2007.11.004","article-title":"Thymic epithelial tumours: A population-based study of the incidence, diagnostic procedures and therapy","volume":"44","author":"Blaauwgeers","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Travis, W.B., Brambilla, A., and Muller-Hermelinck, H.K.M.A. (2004). Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Lung, Pleura, Thymus and Heart, IARC World Health Press Organisation. 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