{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T20:11:43Z","timestamp":1791663103326,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":119,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The overuse of antibiotics combined with the limitation of wastewater facilities has resulted in drug residue accumulation in the natural environment. Thus, in recent years, the presence of antibiotic residues in the environment has raised concerns over the potential harmful effects on ecosystems and human health. The in vivo studies represent an essential step to study the potential impact induced by pharmaceutical exposure. Due to the limitations of traditional vertebrate model systems, zebrafish (Danio rerio) has recently emerged as a promising animal model to study the toxic effects of drugs and their therapeutic efficacy. The present review summarizes the recent advances made on the toxicity of seven representative classes of antibiotics, namely aminoglycosides, \u03b2-lactams, macrolides, quinolones, sulfonamides, tetracyclines and polyether antibiotics, in zebrafish, as well as the combined effects of antibiotic mixtures, to date. Despite a significant amount of the literature describing the impact of single antibiotic exposure, little information exists on the effects of antibiotic mixtures using zebrafish as an animal model. Most of the research papers on this topic have focused on antibiotic toxicity in zebrafish across different developmental stages rather than on their efficacy assessment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14060578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"578","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Zebrafish as a Screening Model to Study the Single and Joint Effects of Antibiotics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0354-943X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roxana","family":"Jijie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Station \u201cProf. dr. I. Borcea\u201d, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 163, 9007018 Agigea, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Mihalache","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Integrated Center of Environmental Science Studies in the North Eastern Region (CERNESIM), \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Horticultural Technologies, \u201cIon Ionescu de la Brad\u201d University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 700440 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioana-Miruna","family":"Balmus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7958-4923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan-Adrian","family":"Strungaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Exact and Natural Sciences, Institute of Interdisciplinary Research, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3107-0349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuel Stefan","family":"Baltag","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Biological Station \u201cProf. dr. I. Borcea\u201d, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, Nicolae Titulescu Street, No. 163, 9007018 Agigea, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alin","family":"Ciobica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9755-6771","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mircea","family":"Nicoara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Biology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania"},{"name":"Doctoral School of Geosciences, Faculty of Geography-Geology, \u201cAlexandru Ioan Cuza\u201d University of Iasi, B-dul Carol I, 700505 Iasi, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0066-2421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caterina","family":"Faggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale F. Stagno, d\u2019Alcontres, 31 98166 S. Agata-Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2020.108840","article-title":"A review of the toxicity in fish exposed to antibiotics","volume":"237","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part C Toxicol. 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