{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:19:32Z","timestamp":1760235572938,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]],"date-time":"2021-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630627200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: This study measures the use of drugs within the therapeutic areas of antithrombotic agents (B01), the cardiovascular system (C), analgesics (N02), psycholeptics (N05), and psychoanaleptics (N06) among the general population (GP) in comparison to persons with diabetes in Denmark. The study focuses on drugs having pharmacogenomics (PGx) based dosing guidelines for CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and SLCO1B1 to explore the potential of applying PGx-based decision-making into clinical practice taking drug\u2013drug interactions (DDI) and drug\u2013gene interactions (DGI) into account. Methods: This study is cross-sectional, using The Danish Register of Medicinal Product Statistics as the source to retrieve drug consumption data. Results: The prevalence of use in particular for antithrombotic agents (B01) and cardiovascular drugs (C) increases significantly by 4 to 6 times for diabetic users compared to the GP, whereas the increase for analgesics (N02), psycoleptics, and psychoanaleptics (N06) was somewhat less (2\u20133 times). The five most used PGx drugs, both in the GP and among persons with diabetes, were pantoprazole, simvastatin, atorvastatin, metoprolol, and tramadol. The prevalence of use for persons with diabetes compared to the GP (prevalence ratio) increased by an average factor of 2.9 for all PGx drugs measured. In addition, the prevalence of use of combinations of PGx drugs was 4.6 times higher for persons with diabetes compared to GP. In conclusion, the findings of this study clearly show that a large fraction of persons with diabetes are exposed to drugs or drug combinations for which there exist PGx-based dosing guidelines related to CYP2D6, CYP2C19, and SLCO1B1. This further supports the notion of accessing and accounting for not only DDI but also DGI and phenoconversion in clinical decision-making, with a particular focus on persons with diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090899","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,6]],"date-time":"2021-09-06T13:18:26Z","timestamp":1630934306000},"page":"899","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comparison of Multidrug Use in the General Population and among Persons with Diabetes in Denmark for Drugs Having Pharmacogenomics (PGx) Based Dosing Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2663-8040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niels","family":"Westergaard","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Engineering and Science, Department of Biomedical Laboratory Science, University College Absalon, Parkvej 190, 4700 Naestved, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lise","family":"Tarnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Steno Diabetes Center, Birkevaenget 3, 3rd, 4300 Holbaek, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Vermehren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Copenhagen, Bispebjergbakke 23, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1080\/17512433.2019.1597706","article-title":"The role of pharmacogenomics in adverse drug reactions","volume":"12","author":"Cacabelos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Rev. 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