{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T19:52:01Z","timestamp":1791575521864,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":207,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635120000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) encoded by the HLA gene is an important modulator for immune responses and drug hypersensitivity reactions as well. Genetic polymorphisms of HLA vary widely at population level and are responsible for developing severe cutaneous adverse drug reactions (SCARs) such as Stevens\u2013Johnson syndrome (SJS), toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), maculopapular exanthema (MPE). The associations of different HLA alleles with the risk of drug induced SJS\/TEN, DRESS and MPE are strongly supportive for clinical considerations. Prescribing guidelines generated by different national and international working groups for translation of HLA pharmacogenetics into clinical practice are underway and functional in many countries, including Thailand. Cutting edge genomic technologies may accelerate wider adoption of HLA screening in routine clinical settings. There are great opportunities and several challenges as well for effective implementation of HLA genotyping globally in routine clinical practice for the prevention of drug induced SCARs substantially, enforcing precision medicine initiatives.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14111077","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T21:42:05Z","timestamp":1635198125000},"page":"1077","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of HLA and Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reactions: Implication for Clinical Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0547-1381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiraphat","family":"Kloypan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Excellence in Integrative Molecular Biomedicine, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"},{"name":"Division of Clinical Immunology and Transfusion Science, Department of Medical Technology, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Phayao 56000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Napatrupron","family":"Koomdee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center SDMC, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patompong","family":"Satapornpong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of General Pharmacy Practice, Department of Pharmaceutical Care, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand"},{"name":"Excellence Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine Centre, College of Pharmacy, Rangsit University, Pathum Thani 12000, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Therdpong","family":"Tempark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Dermatology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1432-7701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohitosh","family":"Biswas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center SDMC, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacy, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0033-5321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chonlaphat","family":"Sukasem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Somdech Phra Debaratana Medical Center SDMC, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"The Thai Severe Cutaneous Adverse Drug Reaction THAI-SCAR Research-Genomics Thailand, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand"},{"name":"The Preventive Genomics & Family Check-Up Services Center, Bumrungrad International Hospital, Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine Clinic, Bangkok 10110, Thailand"},{"name":"MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 3GL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.143","article-title":"HLA variation and disease","volume":"18","author":"Dendrou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. 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