{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:00:43Z","timestamp":1787029243294,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,2]],"date-time":"2022-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641081600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board","award":["71263"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["71263"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BB\/P005128\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BB\/P005128\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Infections caused by multidrug resistant Salmonella strains are problematic in swine and are entering human food chains. Bacteriophages (phages) could be used to complement or replace antibiotics to reduce infection within swine. Here, we extensively characterised six broad host range lytic Salmonella phages, with the aim of developing a phage cocktail to prevent or treat infection. Intriguingly, the phages tested differed by one to five single nucleotide polymorphisms. However, there were clear phenotypic differences between them, especially in their heat and pH sensitivity. In vitro killing assays were conducted to determine the efficacy of phages alone and when combined, and three cocktails reduced bacterial numbers by ~2 \u00d7 103 CFU\/mL within two hours. These cocktails were tested in larvae challenge studies, and prophylactic treatment with phage cocktail SPFM10-SPFM14 was the most efficient. Phage treatment improved larvae survival to 90% after 72 h versus 3% in the infected untreated group. In 65% of the phage-treated larvae, Salmonella counts were below the detection limit, whereas it was isolated from 100% of the infected, untreated larvae group. This study demonstrates that phages effectively reduce Salmonella colonisation in larvae, which supports their ability to similarly protect swine.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,9]],"date-time":"2022-01-09T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1641759716000},"page":"58","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Development of a Phage Cocktail to Target Salmonella Strains Associated with Swine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Anisha M.","family":"Thanki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viviana","family":"Clavijo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Universidad de los Andes, Bogota 111711, Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kit","family":"Healy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael C.","family":"Wilkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea SA2 8PP, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Sicheritz-Pont\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section for Evolutionary Genomics, The GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Centre of Excellence for Omics-Driven Computational Biodiscovery, AIMST University, Bedong 08100, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3895-2854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew D.","family":"Millard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha R. J.","family":"Clokie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2106.140999","article-title":"Global Burden of Invasive Nontyphoidal","volume":"21","author":"Ao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Torgerson, P.R., Devleesschauwer, B., Praet, N., Speybroeck, N., Willingham, A.L., Kasuga, F., Rokni, M.B., Zhou, X.N., F\u00e8vre, E.M., and Sripa, B. (2015). World Health Organization Estimates of the Global and Regional Disease Burden of 11 Foodborne Parasitic Diseases, 2010: A Data Synthesis. 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