{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T16:15:36Z","timestamp":1784132136408,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01061296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A1A01061296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2019R1I1A3A01057905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2019R1I1A3A01057905"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01040732"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1I1A1A01040732"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Pharmaceuticals"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) have paved a way for treating musculoskeletal diseases in a minimally invasive manner. The regenerative medicine cocktail involves the usage of mesenchymal stem\/stromal cells (MSCs), either uncultured or culture-expanded cells along with growth factors, cytokines, exosomes, and secretomes to provide a better regenerative milieu in degenerative diseases. The successful regeneration of cartilage depends on the selection of the appropriate source of MSCs, the quality, quantity, and frequency of MSCs to be injected, and the selection of the patient at an appropriate stage of the disease. However, confirmation on the most favorable source of MSCs remains uncertain to clinicians. The lack of knowledge in the current cellular treatment is uncertain in terms of how beneficial MSCs are in the long-term or short-term (resolution of pain) and improved quality of life. Whether MSCs treatments have any superiority, exists due to sources of MSCs utilized in their potential to objectively regenerate the cartilage at the target area. Many questions on source and condition remain unanswered. Hence, in this review, we discuss the lineage differentiation potentials of various sources of MSCs used in the management of knee osteoarthritis and emphasize the role of tissue engineering in cartilage regeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15040386","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T23:30:23Z","timestamp":1647991823000},"page":"386","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Lineage Differentiation Potential of Different Sources of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Osteoarthritis Knee"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Gollahalli","family":"Prajwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Fellowship in Orthopaedic Rheumatology (FEIORA), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Mallika Spine Centre, Guntur 522001, Andhra Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4362-3326","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naveen","family":"Jeyaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Fellow, Fellowship in Orthopaedic Rheumatology (FEIORA), Dr. Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Atlas Hospitals, Tiruchirappalli 620002, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krishna","family":"Kanth V","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Mahabubabad 506104, Telangana, 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110048, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College, Mahabubabad 506104, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine\u2014Sri Lalithambigai Medical College and Hospital, Dr MGR Educational and Research Institute, Chennai 600095, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Orthopaedic Research Group, Coimbatore 641001, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sree","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Sri Venkateshwaraa Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Puducherry 605102, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6987-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramya","family":"Rajendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manish","family":"Khanna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indian Stem Cell Study Group (ISCSG) Association, Lucknow 110048, Uttar Pradesh, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Government Medical College and Hospital, Dindigul 624001, Tamil Nadu, India"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics, Prasad Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow 226010, Uttar Pradesh, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5139-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7359-3044","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ho","family":"Chung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, CMRI, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7700-3929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Byeong-Cheol","family":"Ahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0658-4604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Prakash","family":"Gangadaran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea"},{"name":"BK21 FOUR KNU Convergence Educational 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